Download - Uveal melanoma and uncommon locations
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Uncommon locations for melanoma and uveal melanoma
2014
Lorenzo AlonsoMedical Oncology
www.foro-osler.com
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Please, could you try to figure out some melanoma locations beyond the skin and subcutaneous area?
Sinus
intracardiac
Bronchial mucosa
Small bowel metastases
Genital/anal
subungueal
Toes/ sole
gingiva
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Cardiac metastases from melanoma
Right atrium is the most common site.
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Clinical scenario
• Melanoma, anemia, abdominal lump
Metastases to small bowel: usually can be resected
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Uveal melanoma: pathophysiology
Location % 5-year mts. %10-year mts
Iris 4% 7%
Ciliary body 19% 33%Choroides 15% 25%
Predrag Jovanovic et al.Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013;6(7):1230-1244
Conjuntival melanoma is related more with its cutaneous counterpart
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Ocular melanoma: pathophysiology
Liver: 93% mts Lung: 24% mts.
WHY?Bones: 16% mts
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Local treatment
Radiotherapy (plaque) and surgery (enucleation) achieve the same outcome…but not without harm
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Uveal melanoma prognosis
Class 1: low grade tumors with low metastatic risk
Class 2: high grade tumors with metastatic risk chracterized by down-regulation of genes on chromosome 3 and up-regulation of genes on chromosome 8q.
Monosomy of chromosome 3 is the most frequent chromosome aberration in uveal melanoma (50%)
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BAP1: BCRA-1 associated protein-1 and metastatic development of uveal melanoma
The gene encoding BAP-1 is located on chromosome 3p21.1 and is mutated in 80% of metastatic uveal melanoma. BAP-1 is a enzyme that forms part of a tumor-suppressor complex. BAP-1 mutation is associated to metastatic behaviour
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Uveal melanomaTreatment options
• Ipilimumab
• Chemotherapy: nanoparticles(taxanes)
• MAPK pathway: MEK
• Protein kinase C (PKC)
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Outcome after compassionate use (USA, Italy):1-year overall survival over 30%.More common dose: 3 mg/KgMedian overall survival 6 months (Italian use)Toxicity experience and response similar to cutaneous
Ipilimumab in metastatic uveal melanoma
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Uveal melanoma: rational for treatment
GNAQ and GNA11 are mutated in a mutually exclusive pattern (83% uveal): these mutations are implicated in the stimulus of MAPK pathway via MEK.
GNAQ/GNA11 signals also via PLC(phospholipase C) and PKC (protein kinase C), enzymes implicated in proliferation, invasion,apoptosis via ERK
Cancer Letters 2006;235:1-10
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Therapeutic targets
• MEK inhibitors: (no response in wild-type GNAQ/GNA11)– Selumetinib compared with temozolamide; 9 weeks benefit for
selumetinib for PFS– MEK162
• PAK inhibitors: sotrastaurin (AEB071)/ enzastaurin.– G1 cell cycle arrest– Inhibition of PKC in GNAQ-mutant resulted in the inhibition of the
MAPK pathway.
A combination of a MEK and proteinkinase inhibitor could be a perfect therapeutic combination
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Conclusions
• 1. Metastases from melanoma can spread to almost every anatomical location.
• 2. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye
• 3. GNAQ and GNA11 are mutated in 80% of uveal melanoma in a mutually exclusive pattern
• 4. Ipilimumab achieves a 30% survival in the first year in uveal melanoma
• 5. MEK inhibitors and PAK inhibitors are key for developing targeted therapies.