Download - USMC UAS Family of Systems (April 2015)
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Outline
• Family of Systems (FOS) CONOPS
• UAS Capability Analogy
• UAS Mission Sets
• USMC’s UAS FoS Roadmap
• Small (Group 1) UAS
• RQ-21A Blackjack
• MQ-X
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Family of Systems CONOPS
• Provides the vision of how UAS will support MAGTF operations in the 2015-2025 timeframe.
• Provides an understanding of USMC’s UAS
operational concepts and capabilities. • Provides developmental goals and objectives
for the systems’ acquisition community. • Describes integration of future UAS
capabilities in support of the Marine Corps’ capstone concept, Expeditionary Force 21.
• Desired end state:
• Inform planners at the MAGTF, joint, and combined levels
• Provide conceptual operational information for the acquisition community and industry
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Bottom-Up Capability Analogy
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Company / Battalion
Platoon / Company
Regiment
MEU
Battalion
Regiment / Division
MEU / MEB / MEF
MEB/MEF UAS = General Support Capability = HIMARS
RQ-21 = Direct or General Support Capability = M777
FoSUAS = Organic Capability = 60mm/81mm
Echelon
Siz
e, P
ort
ab
ilit
y, A
va
ila
bil
ity
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USMC UAS Mission Sets
X
X X
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Smal
l UA
S
SUA
S Sm
all T
acti
cal U
AS
(STU
AS)
MEB
/MEU
M
Q-“
X”
JCID
S M
EF/M
EB
2014 2020 2024
RQ-12A, RQ-11B, RQ-20A (FoSUAS Common Control Architecture) VTOL & LMAM capabilities
IOC MS “C” CPD ICD CDD CBA MDD
2018 2016 2022
STUAS & MQ-‘X’ Common Control Architecture: UMOS/GCS
AAO = 32 Systems RQ-7B TCDL
RQ-21A ISR Services
Platform: Engine / Beyond Line of Sight / Launch Weight / Laser Designator
GCS: ICOMC2 / Universal Mission Operation System (UMOS)
Payloads: SIGINT / EW – Cyber / CRP / SRP / SAR – GMTI / Wide Area / Weapons / V-22 Compatibility
Car
go U
AS
CR
UA
S
Field User Evaluations MQ-“X” DARPA S&T Projects (TERN)
JCIDS – Joint Capabilities Integration & Development System
CBA – Capabilities Based Analysis ICD – Initial Capabilities Document
MDD – Materiel Development Decision CDD – Capability Development Document
CPD – Capability Production Document MS “C” – Milestone C
IOC – Initial Operational Capability
MQ- ‘X’–Future Medium/High Altitude Long Endurance TERN – Tactical Exploited Reconnaissance Node
ARES – Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System AACUS – Autonomous Aerial Cargo Utility System
GCS – Ground Control System
SIGINT – Signals Intelligence EW – Electronic Warfare
CRP – Communications Relay Payload SRP – Software Reprogrammable Payload
SAR – Synthetic Aperture Radar GMTI – Ground Moving Target Indicator
VTOL – Vertical Takeoff & Landing LMAM – Lethal Miniature Aerial Munitions
MS “C” CPD ICD CDD CBA MDD
Field User Evaluations CRUAS DARPA S&T Projects (ARES/AACUS)
USMC UAS FoS Roadmap (FY15 AVPLAN)
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Small UAS Family of Systems
• Based on Small Unit Remote Scouting System (SURSS) Service ORD (2006 USMC O/O)
• Fielded SURSS systems: - RQ-20 Puma - RQ-12 Wasp - RQ-11B Raven (DDL)
• CBA in progress, ICD is expected to begin staffing
summer of FY15
• UxS Training and Logistics Support Activity (TALSA)
• VTOL/micro systems fielded with MARSOC in late FY14 (non-POR)
RQ-11B Raven (Fixed Payload)
RQ-12 Wasp IV
RQ-11B Raven (Gimbaled Payload)
RQ-20 Puma
MICRO
MEDIUM
LONG ENDURANCE
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SUAS Technology Development Areas
• Capability Gap/ Shortfall • Lack an organic device or method at the company, platoon, and squad-sized levels to extend an
operator’s situational awareness through, around, or over the obstructions • The USMC’s current SUAS inventory is exclusively fixed wing, and unable to be rapidly deployed in
terrain dominated by vertical obstacles. • The USMC’s current SUAS Family of Systems does not include a Nano-UAS; a lightweight system
designed to fit in a cargo pocket or small pouch, capable of immediate (less than 2 min) deployment and requiring minimal training.
• Current Development Areas
• LMAM TTPs – both air and ground launched • Nano systems – deployable at the squad level • VTOL systems – counter IED, platoons in the defense, FOB security, urban ops/building clearance • Communications / Mesh Networking payloads – self-healing, voice/data to the squad and fire team • Autonomy – reduced user cognitive workload • Swarming – capability and mission resiliency • Air Launched UAS – MAWTS-1 MV-22 prior to LZ insert
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Common Controller
• Operate any unmanned aircraft and its payload
and not just that of that single manufacturer • Facilitate collaboration of unmanned systems as
defined in the Joint Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap
• Enable cooperative levels of control described in
STANAG 4586 • Reduce training and maintenance requirements
associated with multiple systems, and support unified action of joint military forces
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• Capability to precisely target enemy assets such as snipers and Improvised Explosive Device (IED) emplacement teams.
• Precisely and accurately engage hard-to-hit targets while minimizing collateral damage:
⁻ Targets on rooftops
⁻ Inside Buildings (through open windows /doorways)
⁻ Fleeting Targets – UAS (Counter UAS)
⁻ Defilade positions
⁻ Moving Vehicles
• Potential to use as a counter UAS weapon
and/or launch from larger UAS.
Lethal Miniaturized Aerial Munitions (LMAMs)
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Micro/Nano SUAS
• Airborne binoculars – complete system fits inside a pocket.
• Small and inaudible – airborne within one minute and is reusable or expendable.
• Used by the British during OEF. • 20 min flight time
• Weighs less than 2 pounds
• 1+ km range
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MESH Networking
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• Similar to cell technology in ability to self-detect, self-heal. • Nodes span ground, air, and space. • Scalable nodes to establish intranet/extranet.
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Autonomy
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• Reduces the cognitive workload on operator
• “Man On the Loop” vs. “Man in the Loop” for level 3 autonomy feasible
Level Name Description
1 Human Operated A human operator makes all decisions. The system has no autonomous control of its environment.
2 Human Delegated The vehicle can perform many functions independently of human control when delegated to do so.
3 Human Supervised The system can perform a wide variety of activities when given top-level permissions or direction by a human.
4 Fully Autonomous The system receives goals from humans and translates them into tasks to be performed without human interaction.
Ref. Unmanned Systems Integration Roadmap FY 2011-2036
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Swarming
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• Not necessarily Micro/Nano UAS – can be Group 5 UAS! • Leverages autonomy and mesh networking for multi mission capabilities
(EMSO, Strike, deception, etc).
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Air Launched UAS
• Allows observation below intervening clouds. • Enables standoff from some surface to air
threats. • Avoids acoustic detection of manned aircraft by
target. • Enables observation of multiple points of
interest (friendly forces, critical route coverage, target disposition, actions on target.
• Quiver of arrows for various sensors or weapons as required.
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RQ-21A Overview
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• First RQ-21A Blackjack system is set to deploy in support of the 22nd MEU.
• Scheduled to chop in Jan of 2016
• AAO : 32 Systems • Flown by VMU squadrons
VMU-2 MCAS Cherry Point, NC VMU-1 MCAS Yuma, AZ VMU-3 MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI
• A modular, flexible and multi-mission capable UAS that will provide Regiments and subordinate commands a dedicated ISR and target acquisition system capable of delivering intelligence products directly to the tactical commander in real time.
• Payload Capabilities
• Communications Relay • SIGINT (4Q FY15) • SAR ( AFRL FY16)
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Areas RQ-21A Growth
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• Communications & Data Relay • GBSAA
• Multispectral • Spiral 1 (EO/IR/SAR Sensor Fusion) • TNWAS
Cosworth Engine
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GBSAA
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Operational Description: System uses a self separation algorithm to generate TCAS quality turn guidance allowing the operator to maneuver the UA freely in the NAS
• Allows free operation in the NAS • TCAS based separation algorithm (FAA
recognized) • Limits human error (safety case
advantage) • Designed to operate in high volume
traffic areas • 3-D radar capable (ignore high alt
targets) • Fuses multi-radars (larger op area,
better coverage) • Includes existing airfield sensor
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Wide Area Airborne Surveillance (WAAS)
• Can persistently monitor a very large areas.
⁻ Gives the capability of conducting detailed analysis and playback of specific events within a large area.
• Has been used to counter Improvised Explosive Devices (IED), not by detecting the hidden bombs but by recording the activities associated with them.
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Tactical Nighttime Wide Area Surveillance (TNWAS) System
• TNWAS will provide organic capability for day/night airborne persistent surveillance
• Will stream live video clips to remote video terminals from a small unmanned aerial vehicle
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• Area of persistence of 3.8 km diameter • Effective ground sample distance of
0.55 meters • Five independent video streams
disseminated to remote video terminals
• Image quality of IR NIIRS 4.5 • Geo-location accuracy of less than 15
meters (CE90) • Payload weight less than 35 pounds • Video stream/image: MISB/MISP 5.5
and National Imagery Transmission Format compliant
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Sensor Fusion
• Multi-sensor data fusion seeks to combine information from multiple sensors and sources to achieve inferences that are not feasible from a single sensor or source.
• Fusion of information from sensors with different
physical characteristics enhances the understanding of our surroundings and provides the basis for planning, decision-making, and control of autonomous and intelligent machines.
• Currently applied to multiple fields such as
pattern recognition, visual enhancement, object detection, and area surveillance.
⁻ Sensor fusion improves image content and makes it easier for the user to detect, recognize, and identify targets while increasing situational awareness.
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Sensor fusion of EO/IR Sensors
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Communications & Data Relay
• MAGTF success relies heavily upon communications
• Whether voice or data, the FoUAS
provide an optimal platform to increase our ability to communicate.
• Top priority because the endurance and
payload capacity make UAS ideal to provide airborne multi-channel radio relay for voice and data, as well as an airborne network node for command and control of MAGTF forces.
- The persistent nature of the FoUAS is
optimal to facilitate effective communication
- Airborne relays using UAS must maintain compatibility with the existing and planned terrestrial and space communications infrastructures
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Multi-Spectral Payload Capabilities
Electro-Optical (EO)
- Provide a familiar view of a scene. - Offer system resolution unachievable using other optical systems or in thermal images and radars. - Is preferred for detailed analysis and measurement. - Has passive sensors.
Infrared (IR)
- Has passive sensors. - Provides good resolution. - Provides images in low-light environments.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
- Supports near continuous coverage even in adverse weather. - Provides detailed images of large areas. - Captures photograph-like images. - Detects changes in the environment.
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Future Sensors for Consideration
Foliage Penetration (FOPEN)
- Typical radars cannot see through foliage. - FOPEN radars assist in detecting targets under foliage and are typically associated with large UA.
Laser Illuminated Detection And Ranging (LIDAR)
- Uses pulses of laser energy similar to radar. - Can build high resolution, map-like images of an area as well as three-dimensional models. - Additionally, LIDAR can penetrate foliage (e.g., through gaps in leaves).
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MQ-X Capability Requirements
• CR-1. Conduct long range, wide area, persistent air reconnaissance and surveillance.
• CR-2. Conduct long range, persistent, penetrating, responsive, airborne electro-magnetic spectrum operations.
• CR-3. Conduct long range, day/night/all weather, persistent, low collateral damage Offensive Air Support (CAS and DAS)
• CR-4. Support over the horizon, netted and networked, early warning, identification, cueing and defenseCR-3. Conduct long range, day/night/all weather, persistent, low collateral damage Offensive Air Support (CAS and DAS)
• CR-5. Provide long range armed aerial escort and support to assault support missions
• CR-6. Provide long range survivable digitally interoperable network bridge and communications relay, airborne router, and data management capabilities
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MQ-X Platform Technologies
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• Effective 21st-century warfare requires the ability to conduct airborne ISR and strike mobile targets anywhere, around the clock
• Seeks to combine the strengths of both land and sea-based approaches to supporting airborne assets
• Envisions using smaller ships as mobile launch and recovery sites for medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned aircraft (UAVs)
• Would enable on-demand, ship-based unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations without extensive, time-consuming and irreversible ship modifications
TERN
X-Plane
• Faster VTOL aircraft could shorten mission times and increase the potential for successful operations, while reducing vulnerability to enemy attack
• Speed: Achieve a top sustained flight speed of 300 kt-400 kt • Hover efficiency: Raise hover efficiency from 60 percent to at least 75 percent • Cruise efficiency: Present a more favorable cruise lift-to-drag ratio of at least 10, up
from 5-6 • Useful load capacity: Maintain the ability to perform useful work by carrying a useful
load of at least 40 percent of the vehicle’s projected gross weight of 10,000-12,000 pounds
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Emerging UAS Capabilities
• The MQ-X UAS must capitalize on emerging technologies unlocking greater opportunities for combat effectiveness
⁻ Plug & Play Payloads ⁻ All UAS nodes in the DODIN (Networked) ⁻ Electronic Warfare ⁻ Operating in Non-Permissive Environment-Denied Access (A2AD) ⁻ Long-endurance ⁻ Multi-mission, multi-sensor, multi-spectral ⁻ Increased automation (1 operator/5 missions vice 5 operators/1mission)
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