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Using GPS velocities to understand crustal strain
Vince Cronin • Beth Pratt-SitaulaBill Hammond • Corné Kreemer • Shelley Olds
Phil Resor • Nancy West
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UNAVCO & PBO
• UNAVCO: non-profit consortium that provides geodetic research support
• Manages Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO): NSF EarthScope’s GPS network of 1100 stations
(also campaign GPS,terrestrial LiDAR, InSAR…)
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Module for Structural Geology Course
• IN DEVELOPMENT but…• New approach with Infinitesimal rather than
Finite Strain • Combines Structural, Geophysics, & Tectonics• Our GOALS for this presentation:
Inform you module is comingShare curriculum development
modelLooking for feedback/suggestionsLooking for possible Beta-testers
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Module GOAL
Students use GPS data to gain a fundamental understanding of strain in the context of structural features and solving real geoscience problems (such as earthquake hazard)
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Moving beyond Finite Strain
Mushed trilobites still have a place, but we can do more
http://marlimillerphoto.com/SrD-53.html
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Module Audience & Overview
• Structural geology course (possibly geophysics or tectonics)
• 15-30 upper division students• ~1 week time with in-class/lab and homework• Quantitative skills development assuming low
base (but extensions for higher level)
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Module Development
• Based on SERC’s InTeGrate module development process
3 Faculty Developers
(content & instructional expertise)
Assessmentspecialist
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UNAVCO Module Development
FacultyDevelopersVince C (Baylor)
Phil R (Wesleyan)
GeodesyExperts
Bill H & Corne K.(UNReno)
EducationSpecialists
Beth P & Nancy W(UNAVCO)
• Funded by UNAVCO (but with <<$ than InTeGrate)• Development workshop at UNReno in June 2012
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Module GOAL
Students use GPS data to gain a fundamental understanding of strain in the context of structural features and solving real geoscience problems (such as earthquake hazard)
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Strain
• Translation• Rotation• Distortion
Davis et al, Structural Geology, 2012
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PBO GPS Stations, Tahoe Region
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P139
P149
P147
PBO GPS Stations, Tahoe Region
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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North-SouthLocations
East-WestLocations
Up-DownLocations
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North-SouthVelocity
East-WestVelocity
Up-DownVelocity
31
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr 37
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Velocities Relative To
P149
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain Relative To P149
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr 40
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
http://marlimillerphoto.com/SrF-03.html
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
http://marlimillerphoto.com/SrF-27.html
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http://www.baylor.edu/csr
Strain between 3 GPS Stations
http://marlimillerphoto.com/SrF-38.html
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Preliminary Outcomes
Students are able to:1. Describe meaning of GPS vectors2. Describe strain qualitatively
based on velocity vectors3. Back-envelope calculations
of strain rate (ex. across WA)mini lectures, groupactivities (physical models, small exercises), readings,homework
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Primary Outcomes
Students will be able to:1. Access & download Plate Boundary
Observatory (PBO) data for 3-station triangles2. Do calculations to determine how triangle has
rotated, translated, distorted3. Analyze geological implications of strain and
compare to:a) Local structuresb) Regional earthquake hazardc) Focal mechanisms (optional)
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Activities
• More readings & mini-lectures• Students are assigned triangle sets and
through jig-saw puzzle teams observe range of different strains
• Final AssessmentStudents pick triangle set in area of personal
interest; predict expected strain; calculate actual; compare and explain
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Matrix algebra
Translation (rate) Rotation (rate) Distortion (rate)
Can be combined into matrix of form:
d = G m
And ultimately inverted to solve for unknowns “m”
m = G-1d
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Excel calculator
Excel calculator is a “grey” box (some explanation) Extension with more student involvement in matrix algebra
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For Discussion
• Questions
• Suggestions/requests
• Interested beta-testers (winter-spring 2013)?
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Uncertainties
The uncertainty of our strain estimate is a function of the individual uncertainties in the velocity estimates (available from UNAVCO) and how these uncertainties map into the model space.The data uncertainty can be expressed as a covariance matrix (covd) with diagonal values equal to the individual variances ( s 2), assuming that the error in each station’s velocity estimate is independent of the other stations.For a linear equation of the form m=G-1d (our inverse solution). The covariance of the model (covm) can then be expressed as (Menke, 1989) or more simply as
where the inverse of the data covariance matrix (covd)-1 is simply a diagonal matrix with values equal to 1/ s 2 for each of the velocity estimates.
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Earth Science Literacy
BIG IDEA 1. Earth scientists use repeatable observations and testable ideas to understand and explain our planet.
BIG IDEA 4. Earth is continuously changing.
BIG IDEA 8. Natural hazards pose risks to humans.
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Quantitative Skills Development
Suggestions from SERC for Upper Division• Active engagement means students:
Work on problems that interest themDesign solution strategiesArticulate math ideas in words and argue methods with peers
• Confront misconceptionsEx. Make predictions and compare to actual
• Multiple representations (numerical, graphical, verbal, etc)
• Iteration (with timely feedback)
• Appropriate use of technology
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Assessment & Evaluation
• Formative assessments (for students)Conversations HomeworkQuizzes
• Summative assessments (for students)Lab write upTest/exam
• Curriculum evaluationRubric/sFaculty reflection
What does the student know?
What is the student learning so far?
What did the student learn?
Are effective design practices being used?
Are curricular goals being accomplished?
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SERC’s InTeGrate Project
1. Develop curricula that will teach geoscience in the context of societal issues across the disciplines.
2. Create a population of college graduates poised to apply geoscience to viable solutions of current and future societal challenges
InTeGrate module elements