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Using GIS for Analysis:
• Queries
• Re-classification
• Map overlay
Real world
Land use
Elevation
Parcels
Streets
Retail
A sample of approaches:
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Queries
Aspatial Questions about
attributes How many ___ are there? Which is the oldest? Which has the greatest
land value? Could be answered with
database software alone
Spatial Questions about
location, size, shape, distances, etc.
Where is ___ ? Which is the longest US
route within the county? Which is the most
isolated golf course? Require a map – or
GIS
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Combination Queries
Some queries involve 2 or more criteria (spatial or aspatial)
For these, use Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT
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Combination Queries Which golf courses are in Mesa AND have 36
holes?
InMesa
36holes
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Combination Queries Which golf courses are in Mesa OR have 36
holes?
InMesa
36holes
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Combination Queries Which 36-hole golf courses are NOT in Mesa?
InMesa
36holes
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Using GIS for Analysis
Queries
Re-classification
Map overlay
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Reclassification Result of query is a new data layer
Which land in Maricopa County is federally managed?
BIABLMBORDODFSFWSNPS
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Query approach:
Which land is managed by BIA OR BLM OR BOR OR FS OR FWS OR NPS?
BIABLMBORDODFSFWSNPS
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Reclassification Approach:a New Data Layer
Federallymanaged
Other
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Reclassification approach
cell Ownership
A1 BLM
A2 BLM
A3 FS
A4 Non-fedCell Ownership
A1 Fed
A2 Fed
A3 Fed
A4 Non-fed
Reclassification is often a step to get
data ready for overlay analysis
Data Table Before Reclassification
Data Table After Reclassification
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Using GIS for Analysis
Queries
Re-classification
Map overlay
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Map Overlay
Ian McHarg (“Design with Nature”) – pre-computer advocate of map overlay
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Map Overlay vs. Combination Query“Which Golf Courses are in Mesa AND have 36
holes?”
Map overlay produces a new data layer
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Map Overlay vs. ReclassificationWhich land in Maricopa County is Federally
managed?
BIABLMBORDODFSFWSNPS
Map overlay involves data from two or more layers
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An example of a GIS analysis…
GIS as a tool in fire management:Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park
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GIS as a tool in fire management:Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park
Question:
“Where should we do controlled burns, in order to best reduce the risk of severe
out-of-control wildfires?”
• Several aspects to consider:
• Ecological need (natural fire interval)
• Human value: Infrastructure, human life & safety
• Hazard: ability to control a fire, once started
• Risk: based on historic record of wildfire occurrence
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Analysis to determineecological need
Data available:
Vegetation Classification RImax
1 - Ponderosa Mixed Conifer 6
2 - White Fir Mixed Conifer 16
3 - Red Fir Mixed Conifer 50
4 - Lodgepole Pine Forest 163
5 - Xeric Pine Forest 50
6 - Subalpine Conifer 508
7 - Foothills Hardwood & Grassland 17
8 - Foothills Chaparral 60
Maximum average interval
for fire occurrence
1. Natural Occurrence of fire, by species,based on analysis of tree rings
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Analysis to determineecological need
Data available:
Ponderosa forest
2. Vegetation map
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Data available:
Analysis to determineecological need
3. Historical fires
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Analysis steps:
Departure from natural fire interval
Vegetation types
Reclassify
Overlay
Fire return interval
Date of last fire
Reclassify
Years since last fire
FRI Natural
TSLF - FRI Natural
FRI TSLF
Analysis to determineecological need
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Analysis steps:
Departure from natural fire interval FRI Natural
TSLF - FRI Natural
Reclassify
Ecological need for burn
Departure index
Need to burn
<-5 Extreme
-5 to -2 High
-2 to 0 Moderate
> 0 Low
Analysis to determineecological need
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Map of ecological burn need
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Additional steps ….
Where to do controlled burns
Ecological burn need
Ability to control burn
Vegetation types
Types of fuel
slope elevation Date of last
fire
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Where to do controlled burns
Ecological burn need
Ability to control burn
Vegetation types
Types of fuel
slope elevation Date of last
fire
Infrastructure & Safety issues
Risk of wildfire
Additional steps ….
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Today’s Challenges
Environmental, Social, Political, Economic …
Local, National, Global
Information is an essential tool to address these issues
Geographic technology can help to answer more complex questions covering larger geographic extents than ever before
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Geographic information
Involves a specification of location on the earth’s surface (WHERE)
Also involves WHAT is at that location
Goal is to uncover WHY something is located where it is