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© 2018 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc.
Using Data Analytics to
Detect Fraud
Other Data Analysis Techniques
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Benford’s Law
▪ In a population of naturally occurring, multi-digit
numbers, the first digit of the numbers will be
distributed in a predictable way.
▪ Data set conditions for application:
• Should describe the sizes of similar phenomena
• Should have no built-in minimum or maximum values
• Should have no pre-assigned (non-natural) numbers
• Should have more small items than large ones
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Benford’s Law
Digit 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th or
Greater
0 11.97% 10.18% 10.02% 10.00%
1 30.103% 11.39% 10.14% 10.01% 10.00%
2 17.609% 10.88% 10.10% 10.01% 10.00%
3 12.494% 10.43% 10.06% 10.01% 10.00%
4 9.691% 10.03% 10.02% 10.00% 10.00%
5 7.918% 9.67% 9.98% 10.00% 10.00%
6 6.695% 9.34% 9.94% 9.99% 10.00%
7 5.799% 9.04% 9.90% 9.99% 10.00%
8 5.115% 8.76% 9.86% 9.99% 10.00%
9 4.576% 8.50% 9.83% 9.98% 10.00%
100.000% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
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Benford’s Law
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Application: Benford’s Law
Excel ACL IDEA
▪ COUNTIFS() ▪ Benford’s Law
command
▪ Benford’s Law
command
Tableau
▪ Calculated Fields
▪ LEFT, LOG, INT
▪ onlinehelp.tableau.com/current/pro/desktop/en-
us/benford.html
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Statistical Analysis
▪ Averages
▪ Standard deviations
▪ Highest and lowest values
▪ Absolute values
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Application: Statistics
Excel ACL IDEA
▪ AVERAGEIFS()
▪ MIN()
▪ MAX()
▪ ABS()
▪ STDEV()
▪ STATISTICS
command
▪ Field Statistics
Tableau
▪ AVG, RUNNING_AVG, WINDOW_AVG
▪ SUM, RUNNING_SUM, WINDOW_SUM
▪ MAX, RUNNING_MAX, WINDOW_MAX
▪ MIN, RUNNING_MIN, WINDOW_MIN
▪ STDEV, WINDOW_STDEV
▪ STDEVP, WINDOW_STDEV
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Trend Analysis
▪ Compares data across time, location,
operational unit, or other source of
comparable information, and identifies
outliers
▪ Identifies unexpected trends, or lack of
trends where trends would be expected
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Regression Analysis
▪ Statistical technique that uses a series of
records to create a model relationship
between a dependent variable and one or
more independent variables:
• Example: predicting the number of items
manufactured based on amounts of materials and
labor used
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Regression Analysis
▪ Must have a pair-wise relationship between
the two sets of data:
• Each x variable must have a corresponding and
unique y variable.
• Determine which is x (independent variable) and
which is y (dependent variable).
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Application: Regression
Excel Tableau
▪ Analysis ToolPak ▪ Table calculations
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Correlation Strength
▪ Correlation analysis allows a fraud examiner
to evaluate the strength of the connection
between two or more pieces of information.
▪ The strength of the relationship between two
variables is indicated by the correlation
coefficient (r):
• r ranges from -1 to 1.
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Application: Correlation
Excel IDEA Tableau
▪ CORREL()
▪ Analysis
ToolPak
▪ Correlation
analysis
(Statistics)
▪ CORR
▪ WINDOW
CORR
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Linear Regression
▪ Graphing two variables against each other
provides a best-fit line:
• y = mx + b
▪ Best-fit line can be used to predict y for any
given x.
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Linear Regression Analysis Example
y = mx + b
▪ y is dependent variable (total cost of gala)
▪ b is constant amount (fixed cost of gala)
▪ x is independent variable (number of guests)
▪ m is coefficient of x (marginal cost of each
additional guest)
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Linear Regression Analysis Example
Number of gala guests Total gala cost
53 $21,672
81 $23,059
118 $32,848
157 $39,916
174 $40,317
202 $51,902
227 $63,522
269 $64,134
306 $82,083
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Linear Regression Analysis Example
$-
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
$90,000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
To
tal
Co
st
Number of guests
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Linear Regression Analysis Example
$-
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
$90,000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
To
tal
Co
st
Number of guests
y = 237.78x + 4677.36
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Reasonableness Testing
▪ This testing involves using nonfinancial and financial data to predict a financial result.
▪ Example: annual membership dues x number
of members = estimated annual membership
revenue
▪ Accuracy depends on reliability of the
nonfinancial data.
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Reasonableness Testing
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Predictive Modeling
▪ This type of analysis involves extracting
information from past data and using it to
predict trends, behavior patterns, and future
outcomes.
▪ Most predictive models generate a score,
with a higher score indicating a higher
likelihood of the given behavior or event
occurring:
• Example: credit scores
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Qualitative Data Analysis
▪ Most data analysis techniques require the
use of data in the form of numbers.
▪ Qualitative data analysis is the process used
to collect and analyze unstructured data.
▪ It requires extreme organization, as data sets
tend to be quite large.
▪ It is best used in conjunction with quantitative
data analysis.
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Textual Analytics
▪ Analysis of unstructured, text-based data for
keywords that reveal patterns, sentiments, and
relationships indicative of fraud
▪ Uses linguistic technologies, statistical
techniques, and scoring algorithms to
categorize and analyze textual data
▪ Requires:
• Sophisticated software
• Thorough understanding of the legal issues
regarding employee rights and workplace searches
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Textual Analytics Data Sources
▪ Emails
▪ Social media posts
▪ Instant messages
▪ Videos
▪ News feeds
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Textual Analytics Data Sources
▪ Apps
▪ Voice files
▪ User documents
▪ Sales and marketing
▪ Presentations
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Textual Analytics
▪ Emotive tone—derogatory, surprised, secretive,
angry, worried, or confused communications
▪ Ethical behavior—harassing, secretive, cursing
▪ Concept, entity, relationship, or event extraction
▪ Text link analysis
▪ Social network analysis
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Developing a List of Keywords
▪ Use the Fraud Triangle as a reference.
Deadline
Quota
Short
Problem
Concern
Reasonable
Deserve
Borrow
Therefore
Override
Write-off
Adjust
Discount
▪ Keywords depend on industry, relevant fraud
risks, and data set.
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Visual Analytics
▪ Some data sets are so
vast or complex that
they are difficult to
analyze using
traditional means.
▪ Visual analytics can
help identify patterns
or anomalies in such
data.
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Word Clouds
overstateWeak
Risky
unbalancedCreativejobs
Uncertainty
moderate
Liability
strategydelay
audit accrualcritical
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Heat Maps
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Tree Maps
Reputation
Risk
Fraudulent
Disbursements
Theft of
Assets
Natural
Disasters
Accounting Accounts Payable Information Technology
AdministrativeResearch and Development
Financial Misstatement
Fraudulent
Disbursements System Failures
Reputation Risk
Fraudulent Disbursements
Penalties
and Fines Thefts of
Assets
Reputation Risk
Penalties
and Fines
Financial Misstatement
System
Failures
Theft of Assets
Fraudulent
Disbursements
Financial MisstatementNatural
Disasters
Theft of
Assets
Sales
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Link Analysis
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Geospatial Analysis
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Timeline Analysis
▪ Highlight key times, dates, and facts.
▪ More readily determine a sequence of
events.
▪ Analyze multiple or concurrent sequences of
events.
▪ Track unaccounted-for time.
▪ Identify inconsistencies or impossibilities in
data.
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Conflict Checking
▪ Use of specialized software to identify
potentially problematic relationships:
• Conflicts of interest on a company’s board of
directors
• Relationships between potential new hires and
business units
• Vendors that operate from addresses that previously
have been associated with fraud
• Vendors that are not listed in any online commercial
database or that are listed on government excluded
party lists
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Log-in Monitoring Software
▪ Used to identify
anomalies in log-ins
to company system:
• Unusual times or
days
• Unusual locations
• Excessive log-ins
• Unauthorized log-ins
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Employee Risk Ranking and Scoring
▪ Ranking and scoring bring together big
data—both structured and unstructured
data—to identify and monitor high-risk
employees.
▪ All tests and analytics can be aggregated into
dashboard.
▪ A similar analysis can be performed for
vendors or customers.
▪ Data privacy and employee rights are integral
concerns.
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Employee Risk Ranking Example
1. KeywordsPercentage of keywords around pressure, opportunity, and rationalization in email
and IM communicationsScaling: 3
2. T&E analysis Ranking of T&E out-of-compliance hits and overall email scoring Scaling: 3
Custodian C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7Scaling
C1
Scaling
C2Scaling
C3Scaling
C4
Scaling
C5
Scaling
C6
Scaling
C7Score
A, Week 1 1 3 3 4 6 2 3
3 3 4 2 2 3 545
A, Week 2 2 2 4 5 3 4 2 37
4. User activityPercentage of instances within period where custodian sends or receives information
involving those outside of peer group, as identified through hierarchiesScaling: 2
5. Third-party riskInstances where employee is linked to high-risk third parties (e.g., customers,
vendors, state-owned entities, etc.) in email, T&E, or sales activityScaling: 2
6. Alias
clustering
Percentage of instances within that week where custodian sends or receives ESI
involving at least one of their identified communicative aliasesScaling: 3
7. Emotive
tone
Percentage of instances where the employee sends or receives ESI with negative
emotions (angry, frustrated, secretive, etc.) identified through linguistic analysesScaling: 5
3. Sales activity Ranking of sales activity, field notes, and sales returns and allowances Scaling: 4
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Transaction Risk Scoring
▪ Brings multiple analytics together
▪ Monitors and scores transactions based on
number of breaches:
• Round-dollar amounts
• Incomplete invoice
• Keyword in payment description field
▪ Can apply weights to certain tests to influence
the overall risk score