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Using adjectives
in Italian
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What is agreement?• Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify
in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine).
• Adjectives change their ending to agree with the noun.
• Normally, dictionaries give the masculine, singular form of the adjective, and it is up to you to change it, if necessary.
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Adjectives ending in "-o"These adjectives have four forms:
Singular
• Masculine, ends in -o Mario è italiano. il libro italiano• Feminine, ends in -a
Mia nonna è italiana.• la mensa
universitaria
Plural
• Masculine, ends in -i Mario e Luigi sono italiani. I libri italiani• Feminine, ends in -e
Le ragazze sono italiane. le mense universitarie
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Adjectives ending in "-ca"
"-ga" and "-go"These adjectives usually take an “h” in the plural:
Singular• simpatica• lungo• lunga• dinamicaBut…• stanco• simpatico
Plural• simpatiche• lunghi• lunghe• dinamicheMa…• stanchi• simpatici (no “h”)
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Adjectives ending in "-ista"
These adjectives have three forms:
Singular
• Masculine and feminine, ends in –ista
Mario è ottimista. Mia nonna è ottimista.
Plural
• Masculine, ends in -isti Mario e Luigi sono ottimisti.
• Feminine, ends in -isteLe ragazze sono ottimiste.
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Adjectives ending in "-e"
Singular• Masculine and feminine, ends
in –e
Mario è felice.Mia nonna è felice.
Plural• Masculine and feminine, ends
in –i
Mario e Luigi sono felici.Le ragazze sono felici.
These adjectives have only two forms, one for singular and one for plural. Gender does not matter with these adjectives.
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Rules: Regole
• If an adjective ends in -io, the o is dropped to form the plural.
• l'abito vecchio (the old suit)• gli abiti vecchi (the old suits)• Il ragazzo serio (the serious boy)• i ragazzi seri (the serious boys)
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More “regole”
Adjectives ending in -e are the same for the masculine and the feminine singular. Remember they have only 2 forms (singular or plural- doesn’t matter whether it’s female or male) In the plural, the -e changes to -i.
il ragazzo inglese la lezione difficilela ragazza inglese il compito difficilei ragazzi inglesi le lezioni difficilile ragazze inglesi i compiti difficili
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What if: Se…
Adjectives modifying two nouns of different genders are always masculine. i padri e le madre italiani (Italian fathers and mothers)
Le forchette e i coltelli brillianti
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Tocca a te!
• Roberto is nervous. Roberto è nervoso.• My friends (fem.) are understanding. Le amiche sono comprensive.• The baby is calm. Il bambino è calmo.• Maria is very friendly. Maria è molto espansiva.• The boys are rather timid. I ragazzi sono abbastanza timidi.
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Tocca a te!
• Mrs. Renzi is elegant. Signora Renzi è elegante.• Carolina’s brothers are funny. I fratelli di Carolina sono buffi.• Paolo and I are generous. Io e Paolo siamo generosi.• The book is boring. Il libro è noioso.• The books are boring. I libri sono noiosi.
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Tocca a te!• (dinamico; pigro) Carlo è _____________, ma la sorella di Carlo è _________.• (espansivo) Chiara e Francesca sono molto _____________.• (pessimista) Mio fratello è sempre un po’ _____________.• (antipatico; avaro) Giulia è una ragazza molto ___________, e anche molto ___________.• (stanco) Gli studenti sono ____________ la mattina.
dinamico pigra
espansive
pessimista
antipatica avara
stanchi
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What is adjective placement?
In English, adjectives are placed before the noun:
In Italian adjectives are usually placed after the noun:
an easy test un esame facile
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Did you say usually?
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Some common Italian adjectives are placed before
the noun, as in English.
You have to remember these adjectives.
unabellacasa
abeautifulhouse
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Some adjectives which precede nouns include…
• altro• molto• poco• quanto
• questo• stesso• vero• and all numbers
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More adjectives which normally precede nouns…
Adjectives of beauty:• bello, bruttoAdjectives of age:• giovane, nuovo, vecchioAdjectives of goodness:• bravo, buono, caro, cattivo, veroAdjectives of size:• grande, piccolo
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Adjectives form and agreement
• La porta chiusa • La tazza vuota • Il coltello lungo • Il gatto nero • Il presidente
americano • Il padre buono • La madre italiana • Il fiore giallo • La cantante
intelligente • La moglie simpatica
• Le porte chiuse • Le tazze vuote • I coltelli lunghi • I gatti neri • l presidenti americani • I padri buoni • Le madri italiane • I fiori gialli • Le cantanti intelligenti • Le mogli simpatiche
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Did you say normally?
Yes.Normally.
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The adjective "caro"“Caro” has different meanings depending on its placement.
Before the noun, it means “dear.”
After the noun, it means “expensive.”
una cara nonna una macchina cara
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Adjectives of beauty, age goodness and size can be placed after the noun for
emphasis.
Compro una nuova macchina.
Compro una macchina nuova.
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Tocca a te!
1. a big cityuna grande città una città grande
2. a young boyun giovane ragazzoun ragazzo giovane
3. a difficult lessonuna difficile lezioneuna lezione difficile
4. a calm studentun calmo studente uno studente calmo
5. a generous grandfatherun generoso nonnoun nonno generoso
6. a small familyuna piccola famigliauna famiglia piccola
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These are common adjectives that generally come before the
noun
• bello bravo • brutto buono • caro (dear) cattivo (bad)• giovane (young) grande (large; great) • lungo (long) nuovo (new)• piccolo (small, little) stesso (same)• vecchio (old) vero (true)
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Tocca a te!
7. the same daylo stesso giorno il giorno stesso
8. a beautiful baby (fem.)una bella bambinauna bambina bella
9. an expensive houseuna cara casauna casa cara
10. an athletic girluna sportiva ragazza una ragazza sportiva
11. an intelligent boyun intelligente ragazzoun ragazzo intelligente
12. a true friend (fem.)una vera amicaun’amica vera
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• caro/Sono due ragazzi.
• Sono due cari ragazzi.
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• universitario/Ecco la mensa.
• Ecco la mensa universitaria.
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• interessante/È una lezione.
• È una lezione interessante
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• piccolo/Gli studenti occupano un tavolo.
• Gli studenti occupano un piccolo tavolo
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• primo/Queste sono le copie
• Queste sono le prime copie
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• popolare/Sono mense.
• Sono mense popolari.
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• vecchio/Abbiamo una casa
• Abbiamo una vecchia casa.
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• francese/È una studentessa
• È una studentessa francese.
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FINE