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USGS Drinking-Water Related Research, Data, and Tools
Association of State Drinking Water AdministratorsWebinar series
Patty Toccalino, Mike Focazio, Neil Dubrovsky, and Ken BelitzApril 24, 2018
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Water Quality & QuantityNational Water Quality
Program• Water-quality
assessments at local, state, national scales
• Status & trends• Understand factors
affecting water quality• Forecasting water
quality
Environmental HealthToxic Substances Hydrology &
Contaminant Biology Programs• Process-oriented
exposure and health-related science
• Advanced analytical methods
• Understand transport of chemical & microbial hazards
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USGS drinking water activities
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• Exposure-related work • Quantifying contaminant exposures to the public in
drinking water pathways • Effects of infrastructure (treatment,
conveyance, plumbing) on tap water chemistry & pathogen content
• Work with human-health experts• Explore associations among drinking water exposures
and human-health outcomes• de facto water reuse and drinking water
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Current & future environmental health work
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Focus of today’s talk: water quality
Recent high-visibility surface water & groundwater efforts related to drinking water
Monitoring & Data Tools ProductsModeling
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Monitoring approach
• Untreated source water samples• Prior to treatment or blending
• Nationally consistent methods• For sampling & analysis
• Discrete, continuous, & remotely sensed• Low detection levels
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USGS Drinking-Water Related Research, Data, and Tools
Association of State Drinking Water AdministratorsWebinar series
Patty Toccalino, Mike Focazio, Neil Dubrovsky, and Ken BelitzApril 24, 2018
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Goals• Status• Trends• Understanding• Forecasting
Components• National Water-Quality
Assessment (NAWQA) Project• Cooperative Matching Funds
Program
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USGS components and goals
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Monitoring approach: Surface Water
• National Fixed Site Network• Discrete sampling throughout year
• Continuous Monitoring – select fixed sites• Sensors for select parameters/constituents
• Regional Steam Quality Assessments• Contaminant characterization
• Modeling• Nutrients, Pesticides
Monitoring& Data Modeling ToolsProducts
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National Fixed Site NetworkDiscrete samples of surface water analysed for…..
• Nutrients, major ions• pH, DO, temperature• Dissolved solids, indicators of salinity, hardness, taste• Pesticides & pesticide degradates• Cyanobacteria toxins
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National Water Quality Network: 117 stream & river sites
https://cida.usgs.gov/quality/rivers/home
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National Water Quality Network: 117 stream & river sites
Deacon, Lee, et al (2015) https://cida.usgs.gov/quality/rivers/home
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Evaluation of Multi-source Records for trends: NutrientsOf the 25,125,379 original nutrient records, 14,453,492 had missing or ambiguous information for one or more of the key metadata elements
Sprague et al., 2017, Challenges with secondary use of multi-source water-quality data in the United States. Water Research, Volume 110, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.024
National Data Aggregation
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• Largest-ever evaluation of trends in U.S. stream quality between 1972 and 2012• Over 20,000 trend results
• 51 chemicals and 38 measures of aquatic life
• nutrients, pesticides, sediment, carbon, salinity, aquatic ecology
• 1,400 sites with at least one trend result
• Results are the foundation for answering critical questions about the causes and effects of changes in stream quality
• On-line interactive map provides easy access to trend results
NAWQA Trend Analysis
Oelsner, G.P., and others, 2017, Water-quality trends in the Nation’s rivers and streams, 1972–2012…. USGS SIR 2017–5006, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175006.
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Surface water interactive trends mapper
https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/swtrends/
Trends in surface-water quality over 40 years; 1972-2012
Chloride trends 1992-2012
https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/swtrends/
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Chloride-Sulfate ratio 1992-2012:Indicator of Corrosion Potential
Chloride
Sulfate
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Potential corrosivity of surface water
Stets, Lee, Lytle, and Schock, 2017, Increasing chloride in rivers of the conterminous U.S. and linkages to potential corrosivity and lead action level exceedances in drinking water
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717318223?via%3Dihub
Urban waters have become more corrosive over the past 20 years
Incr
easi
ng C
orro
sivi
ty Corrosion can be difficult to control
Increased potential to cause corrosion
Corrosivity varies seasonally at some stream sites
Agricultural Mixed Undeveloped Urban Month
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Link Pb Action Level Exceedances to CSMR
Stets, Lee, Lytle, and Schock, 2017, Increasing chloride in rivers of the conterminous U.S. and linkages to potential corrosivity and lead action level exceedances in drinking water
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717318223?via%3Dihub
P < 0.05
Chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio
Probability of Pb AL
exceedance
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Severe Harmful Algal Blooms Have Been Reported in Large Rivers
Courtesy of E. Emory, USACE
(October 2015)
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NAWQA Summer 2017 Large River Harmful Algal Bloom Pilot Study
Pilot Study Objectives:
• Describe cyanotoxinoccurrence in large rivers during summer 2017.
• Assess potential for harmful algal bloom occurrence in the Nation’s large rivers using a combination of traditional and emerging approaches, including algal pigment sensors.
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http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/wqwatch
Water-Quality Sensors Show Promise as Forecasting Tools
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Early-warning systems: Cyanotoxins• Compute probability of microcystin >0.1 ug/L in KS
drinking-water supply
Stone, Graham, & Gatotho, 2013http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1123/, http://nrtwq.usgs.gov/ks/
01/13
02/
13 03/
13 04/
13 05/
13 06/
13 07/
13 08/
13 09/
13 10/
13 11/
13 12/
13 01/
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Prob
abilit
y of E
xcee
ding
0.1
g/L
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Micr
ocys
tin (
g/L)
0.01
0.1
1
10Measured
PredictedAdult HA
Child HA
Toxin=f(Chlorophyll)
ug/L
(ug/
L)
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Cyanobacteria Assessment Network (CyAN) Project
Remotely sensed data
+
Continuous & discrete data
Online early warning HABs in inland waters
https://www.epa.gov/water-research/cyanobacteria-assessment-network-cyan-project
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2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Regional Stream Quality Assessments
o Intensive studies of small stream chemistry and ecologyo Weekly sampling in Spring/Summer o Characterization of the spatial distribution at 85-100 sites of
pesticides, pharmaceuticals, mercury, nutrients, sediment chemistry and stream ecology, algal toxins
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Microcystins Occurred in 39% of Small Stream Sites Sampled in the Southeastern United States
Loftin and others, 2016, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
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Pesticides rarely exceed human health benchmarks
o 6 of 445 sites (1.3%) had a mean concentration > HHBo 5 of the 6 were atrazine in Midwest
o Individual sample concentrations exceed HHBs 113 times o in 107 samples at 50 sites for 8 pesticides (of 119 pesticides with
HHBs), out of about 4,000 sampleso 96 of the 113 were atrazine in Midwest
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Models predict benchmark exceedance probabilities in streams & rivers: pesticides
Stone et al: Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) models https://cida.usgs.gov/warp/home/
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https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/
Models predict nutrient loads in streams & riversand identify sources
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https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/
Models predict nutrient loads in streams & riversand identify sources
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https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/sparrow/
Models predict nutrient loads in streams & riversand identify sources
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Water Quality Data Discovery…Water Quality Portal - a cooperative service sponsored by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the National Water Quality Monitoring Council (NWQMC).
Serves data collected by over 400 state, federal, tribal, and local agencies
Supports other applications includingEPA Data Discovery ToolEPA Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution Data Access ToolDelaware Water Quality Portal
https://www.waterqualitydata.us/
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Water Quality Data Discovery…Water Quality Portal - a cooperative service sponsored by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the National Water Quality Monitoring Council (NWQMC).
Serves data collected by over 400 state, federal, tribal, and local agencies
Supports other applications includingEPA Data Discovery ToolEPA Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution Data Access ToolDelaware Water Quality Portal
https://www.waterqualitydata.us/
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Updated human-health benchmark tool
Norman, Toccalino, and Morman (expected 2018)http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/HBSL
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Water Quality Data Discovery…USGS National Water Quality Program -https://www.usgs.gov/water-resources/national-water-quality-program?qt-programs_l2_landing_page=2#qt-programs_l2_landing_page).
USGS Sediment Data Portal
National Atmospheric Deposition Program Animated Maps
BioData – Aquatic Bioassessment Data
Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use
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Summary
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• USGS develops information relevant to the drinking-water quality of streams and rivers that tracks current water quality concerns while seeking to understand emerging issues
• Discrete, synoptic, continuous, & remotely sensed data for sources of public water supplies
• Models to predict concentrations and identify contaminant sources
• Tools for data discovery, to examine changes over time, to place occurrence in a human-health context, and to display model results are online
Questions? Neil Dubrovsky, [email protected]
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USGS Drinking-Water Related Research, Data, and Tools
Association of State Drinking Water AdministratorsWebinar series
Patty Toccalino, Mike Focazio, Neil Dubrovsky, and Ken BelitzApril 24, 2018
NAWQA: Status, Trends, Understanding, Forecasting
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ASSESSING GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN 3D
Major Aquifer Studiestypically domestic wells~ 50 to 150 feet~ 1200 wells, 2013-2022
Principal Aquifer Studiestypically Public Supply wells~ 150 to 750 feet deep~ 1500 wells, new component
Land Use Studiestypically observation wells~ 20 to 50 feet~ 1400 wells, 2013-2022
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• Water quality constituents with benchmarks
o Geologic sources: trace elements, radionuclides, (nitrate)
o Human sources: nutrients, volatile organic compounds, pesticides and pesticide degradates, microbiological constituents
o Nuisance constituents: iron, manganese, dissolved solids, hardness, …
• Water quality constituents without benchmarks
• New analytes (“emerging” concern)
o Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, Polonium, Enteroccocci …
NAWQA ANALYTES
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NAWQA ANALYTES
• Geochemical indicators
o Major ions, redox, pH, DO, T
• Tracers of groundwater age
o Tritium, SF6, CFCs, carbon-14, noble gases
• Low-level detection methods
o VOCs and pesticides, < parts per billion (PPB)
o Indicator of human “fingerprint”
Untreated water
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20 Principal Aquifers, 2013-2023
90% of pumping for public supply85% of pumping for domestic supply
PRINCIPAL AQUIFERS PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSMENT
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PRINCIPAL AQUIFER SURVEYSEQUAL AREA GRID SAMPLING
• Each area of aquifer has equal opportunity to provide a sample• Spatially distributed, randomized• Samples are dispersed, not random
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~ 800 wells, 2 Data Series Reports, 9 Fact Sheets, published~ 700 wells, additional DSR and FS, in progress
PRINCIPAL AQUIFER STUDIES
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HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
Concentration > benchmark
conc. < 1/10 of benchmark for organicconc. < 1/2 of benchmark for inorganic
Organic constituents are generally introduced by peopleInorganic constituents occur naturally or can be introduced by people
Proportion of the resource with high, moderate, and low concentrations
Proportion scale-invariantConfidence of estimate depends on the number of samples
HOW DOES NAWQA CHARACTERIZE GROUNDWATER QUALITY AT A REGIONAL SCALE?
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WHICH CONTAMINANTS ARE MOST PREVALENT AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS?
Inorganic OrganicBasin and Range
VOCs PesticidesTrace elements NitrateRadioactivity
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Rio Grande
Inorganic Organic
Basin & Range
Southeastern Coastal Plain
North Atlantic Coastal Plain
Coastal Lowlands
Glacial
Valley & RidgePiedmont & Blue Ridge
Carbonates
WHICH CONTAMINANTS ARE MOST PREVALENT AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS?
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Cambrian-Ordovician
Inorganic Organic
Trace elements NitrateRadioactivity
Piedmont – Blue Ridge Crystalline
WHICH CONTAMINANTS ARE MOST PREVALENT AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS?
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ACCESSING NAWQA DATA & RESULTS
Data are maintained in Science Base
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• 60 PSW’s selected using a stratified, randomized sampling design
• 20 PSW’s targeted to high Gross Alpha Activity
• Collaboration with MN Department of Health and others
CAMBRIAN-ORDIVICIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
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Mean Groundwater Age14C indicates young water in regionally
unconfined area and water ≥ 30,000 years in the regionally confined area
4He indicates residence times > 100,000 years in regionally confined area
Increasing mineralizationIncreasingly reduced conditions
CAMBRIAN-ORDIVICIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
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• 226Ra is sorbed on Fe-hydroxide coatings under “oxic” conditions
• Mobilized under reducing, mineralized conditions
o Decreased sorption capacity
o increased competitive exchange
CAMBRIAN-ORDIVICIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
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• 226Ra is sorbed on Fe-hydroxide coatings under “oxic” conditions
• Mobilized under reducing, mineralized conditions
o Decreased sorption capacity
o increased competitive exchange
CAMBRIAN-ORDIVICIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
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METHANE IN PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS
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METHANE IN PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS
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• Groundwater Quality and Unconventional Oil & Gas Production
• Lead Solubility Indices for US Groundwater
• Hormones and Pharmaceutical Compounds
• Manganese
• + others
RECENTLY PUBLISHED OR PENDING
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USGS NWISNATIONAL WATER INFORMATION SYSTEM
eg. >22,000 sites used to map GW corrosivity
PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS~ 150,000Secondary Hydrogeologic Regions
Constraints: Locational accuracy / privacy
WHAT ADDITIONAL DATA ARE NAWQA USING?
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• DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
• ENHANCED TRENDS NETWORKS – TIMESCALES <10 YEARSo Continuous monitoring / daily mediano Bimonthly sampling 3-4 years, annual 6-7 yearso Age-dating
• VERTICAL FLOW PATH – TIMESCALES > 10 YEARSo Leverage existing networks (nested)o Additional wellso Age dating
OVER WHAT TIME SCALES DOES GROUNDWATER QUALITY CHANGE?
HOW DOES NAWQA ASSESS TRENDS?
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https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
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https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
Networks consist of 20 to 30 wells
Wilcoxon-Pratt Signed Rank Test to identify changes at network scale
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https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
Networks consist of 20 to 30 wells
Wilcoxon-Pratt Signed Rank Test to identify changes at network scale
Constituents that exceed a benchmark in >1% of MAS & LUS wells
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https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
Networks consist of 20 to 30 wells
Wilcoxon-Pratt Signed Rank Test to identify changes at network scale
Constituents that exceed a benchmark in >1% of MAS & LUS wellsConstituents that exceed a benchmark in >1% of MAS & LUS wellsOr five most frequently detected VOCs or pesticide compounds (or degradates)
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https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
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Small arrow indicates the median of all differences is ≤5% of the benchmark Large arrow indicates the median of all differences is >5% of the benchmarkBenchmark for uranium is 30 µg/L, 5% is 1.5 µg/L.
https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
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Small arrow indicates the median of all differences is ≤5% of the benchmark Large arrow indicates the median of all differences is >5% of the benchmarkBenchmark for uranium is 30 µg/L, 5% is 1.5 µg/L.
https://nawqatrends.wim.usgs.gov/decadal/
DECADAL RESAMPLING OF MAS AND LUS NETWORKS
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• WALL-TO-WALL, TOP-TO-BOTTOM COVERAGEo Constituents of concerno Regional and National
• MASTER VARIABLESo pH, redox, groundwater age
• MACHINE LEARNINGo Random Forest, Boosted Regression Treeo Capable of handling dozens/scores of potential factorso Data intensive
FROM POINTS TO MAPS
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0
200
400
Incr
easi
ng
Prob
abili
ty
DO
< 1.
0 m
g/L
Central Valley, CA
3D CHARACTERIZATION OF ANOXIC GROUNDWATER
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0
200
400
Incr
easi
ng
Prob
abili
ty
DO
< 1.
0 m
g/L
Central Valley, CA
3D CHARACTERIZATION OF ANOXIC GROUNDWATER
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Domestic wells~180 feet
Public supply~400 feet
CENTRAL VALLEY: NITRATE
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Domestic wells~180 feet
Public supply~400 feet
CENTRAL VALLEY: NITRATE
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GROUNDWATER MODELING & MAPPINGMULTI-SCALE, MULTI-MODEL STUDIES
Central Valley 2013-2018
Glacial 2014-2019
Mississippi Embayment 2016-2021
North Atlantic Coastal Plain
2015-2020
Numerous publications: as shared today + others, pending, planned
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COOPERATIVE WATER PROGRAMGROUNDWATER AMBIENT MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT (GAMA)
California Water Boards
Deep AquiferAssessments
Shallow AquiferAssessments
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COOPERATIVE WATER PROGRAMGROUNDWATER AMBIENT MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT (GAMA)
California Water Boards
Deep AquiferAssessments
Shallow AquiferAssessments
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• NAWQA is assessing groundwater quality used for drinking supply
o Human health benchmarks provide context
o Data from multiple sources (NAWQA, NWIS, SDWIS, other)
o Mapping in three dimensions based on data and modeling
• NAWQA groundwater research focuses on constituents of concern
o Concentrations above health-based benchmarks
o Emerging concern
o Master variables (pH, redox, age) and ancillary datasets provide basis for mapping
• NAWQA data and information are available on the web
• There are additional USGS groundwater quality investigations
SUMMARY