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Use of Pheromones and Kairomonesin Pest management
&Standard experimental designs
Oscar E. Liburd, Ph.D.Professor of Entomology
Department of EntomologyUniversity of Florida
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Semiochemicals
PheromonesAllelochemics
defensive chemicals
Communicationmembers of the
same species
repellents, oviposition& feeding deterrents
Kairomones Allomones
Promoteshost finding,oviposition
attractants
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjZq-D33ezNAhVMXh4KHUfNCfQQjRwIBw&url=http://www.glogster.com/ovovsmiles/parts-of-a-plant/g-6lho7ind9ds170t5ommd4a0&psig=AFQjCNHjOgx_sAah15YOTAS8YORqZ5nm1Q&ust=1468371811118062http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqgOa23uzNAhWFXR4KHQWSCdUQjRwIBw&url=http://www.orkin.com/other/beetles/japanese-beetles/&psig=AFQjCNHTk5eGpBZ0kwpkLnm1v_VxDtHjqg&ust=1468372071441705
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Uses of pheromones in pest management
1) To monitor populations of insect pests
2) They are used in attract-kill-programs
3) To prevent mating in orchards
pestmortem.com/pherotrap.html
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Sex pheromones - Usually produced by females to attract males for mating, but they may also be produced by males to attract females
Aggregation pheromones – responsible for the aggregation / congregation of insects at food sites or reproductive habitats. They are very common in bark beetles
Trail-marking pheromones – These chemicals are produced by ants and termites which allow other members of the colony to follow or locate their position
Alarm pheromones – Common in social insects such as ants and bees. They stimulate attack or retreat behaviors
Types of Pheromones
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Sex pheromones
Detection of sex pheromones
Antennae
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8qyuSFMBq8ilLM&tbnid=XZtDb5c6VCLc7M:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-53025/Like-other-insects-moths-and-butterflies-have-four-wings-six&ei=P9T-UZr1Bo_Y9QTMnIAw&psig=AFQjCNEKOWRO7iThEAadycOMPloVU9V4XQ&ust=1375741375183919
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Pheromone versus non-pheromone trap
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How does mating disruption works?
Washington State Univ
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1) Hand-applied dispensers
Rate: 200-500 / acre
2) Aerosol emitters
Rate: 1-2 / acre
3) Sprayable microencapsulated formulations
Commercially available disruption techniques
Greatly magnified
Photo credit: ISCA Tech.
Stelinski 2007
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Grape root borer study using different deployment techniques
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Grape root borer study using different deployment tech
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Potential mechanisms in mating disruption
Sensory fatigueunresponsive receptors on antennae
habituation in central nervous system
False trail-following – male moths follow synthetic pheromone plume as opposed to the plume from a female moth
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Rubber septumrelease device
Baited sticky trap
Methods to evaluate pheromone efficacy
Trap-shut down
Fruit injury counts
Counting of pupal skins
Dissecting females to determine whether or notthey have mated
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Mating disruption control techniques
Advantages
• Specific
• Long Lasting
• Difficult for insects to develop resistance
• Non-toxic
Disadvantages
• Mostly effective for low to moderate pest populations
• Can be costly
• Does not kill pest (immigration)
• Not a stand alone control method
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LastCallGRB®
Newly applied versus 6 wk
Attract-and-kill systems with pheromone
A pest control device consisting mainly of an attractant and a toxicant
3 droplets per vine
Contained 0.16% of the GRB pheromoneand 6% Pyrocide
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Conducting an ExperimentHypothesis
Reduced-risk pesticides can perform as well as conventional pesticides in reducing populations of blueberry gall midge
Specific Objectives
• Evaluate conventional and reduced-risk insecticides for their effectiveness in controlling blueberry gall midge
• To identify potential reduced-risk insecticides that can be used in an IPM program for controlling blueberry gall midge
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Plot 6 Treatments replicated 4 times
Completely Randomized Design
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Split Plot Design
Whole plot treatment (two insecticides) and subplot (4 varieties)
Malathion Bt
Rep 1 Rep 3Rep 2
vrty1
vrty2
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Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12 Mating disruption control techniquesSlide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18