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Urbanization and Ger area
PUREV-ERDENE. Ershuu
Architecture departmentCivil Engineering School
Mongolian University of Science and Technology
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Historical background
1639-1778, - Pre urbanization period - nomadic settlement. The city location changed 28 times from the ancient capital HAR-HORUM to NIISLEL HUREE that evolved into a religious, political and international trade development center of the country.
1778 until now which the sedentary civilization period begun with, or the period of struggling for the development and national symbol.
During these periods, the city managed to maintain the current status of the socio-economic and political center.
Ulaanbaatar urban development divided two periods:
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Dambadarjaa monastry 1765
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Historical background
Pic1. Niislel huree (present Ulaanbaatar) in 1912
Maimaachin
Emperor Palace
Mongolian felt house called “Ger”
Gandan Monastry
Zuun huree
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During 30’s almost 900 temples destroyed
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Urbanization of UB city.
Pic2. The first general plan of the UB city development based on rational urbanization process.1953
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Urban development steps in UB city In 1960-1965, the city location and construction layouts initiated.
In 1965-1975, the city general plan formulated with economic efficiency estimations based on land maps, and comprehensive engineering and geological surveys.
In 1975-1985, the capital city urbanization works were carried out based on the national policy, methodological directions and norm-standards, well adjusted to the national territorial, natural, climatic specifics.
In 1985-1990, numerous national experts on projecting and urbanization had been trained, thus enabling the national manpower to carry out independently all projecting works well fitting to the Mongolian local conditions.
From 1990, in conjunction with the socio-political changes and transitions to the free market economy, a new radical trend emerged in the UB urbanization plan, and currently in force legal acts serving basic norms and standards.
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Nomads lifestyle
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Traditional Mongolian Dwelling
Ideally suited to Mongolia's nomadic way of life and harsh weather, the Ger has been the most popular dwelling for hundreds of years.
A round wooden-framed felt tent covered in durable white canvas seems to be the most simple description of this portable home. The modern shape of the Mongolian Ger has been formed as the result of the long development through huts, marquees and wheeled abodes. During ancient times, people made shelters from dry branches and animal skins. This could have been the first version of current Mongolian Ger. The history of the Ger goes back to 2500-3000 years BC. In medieval era large Gers that belong to kings and nomadic chieftains were built on special wheeled floors and were dragged by a number of oxen (22 at usual).
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Interior of the Ger, and structure
The Mongolian Ger has two key component: the wooden frame work and the felt cover. The wooden wall shell is called 'khana', the upper wooden poles (measuring 1.5-3 meters) are 'uni', the central supporting two columns are known as 'bagana' and the uppermost smoke hole is 'toono'. A Ger has 4-12 khanas, depending on its size. The number of uni or upper poles ranges between 45 and 120 depending on the number of khanas. Any ger has a toono ,the smoke hole and baganas, 2 columns supporting the toono. There are several felt layers, covering the wooden framework and outer white canvas which is designed to make the Ger look prettier and protect the felt covers from rain and snow. Mongolian nomads, who move several times each year, pack their Gers onto the back of camels or camel and ox carts. The weight of a ger is approximately 250kg-s.It only takes half an hour to collapse an average ger and a bit longer to re-build it.
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Re-settlement
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Population growth in UB urban area
2004 893.4 36.42005 928.5 37.532006 965.3 38.6
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Urban sprawl
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Migration effects
05000
10000
15000200002500030000
350004000045000
Year
Peo
ple
In migration Out migration
Graph 1. Number of migrating people in UB. 1989-2003
The new Mongolian constitution of 1992 guaranteed the people the right of free choice of their place of residence being the legalbasis for the ongoing internal migration process in the country.
Fig3. Number (1000) of net-migration to UB by region, 1989-2003
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Increase of unplanned sprawl in urban area
Pic4. Land use ratio in planned and unplanned areas
Pic5. General view of Ger districts
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Environmental pollution of Ger area
0.0180.021 0.022
0.030.028 0.028
0.032
0.0120.010.011
0.0090.007 0.006 0.006
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
mg/
m3
Nitrogen oxide Sulphur dioxides
Graph3. Change of ambient concentrations of air pollutants of UB city.
y = 0.001x + 0.0049
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year
Num
ber
of s
tove
s
00.0020.0040.0060.0080.010.0120.014
Mg/
m3
Number of stovesYearly average SO contents of airLinear (Yearly average SO contents of air)
Graph2.Relation of SO pollutionand coal burning stove
Urban Ger settlement brings: - Soil and - Surface, under ground water pollution - Reducing quality of life
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Winter air pollution
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Model Area PlanningModel Area Planning 1717thth horoo, Suhbaatar district horoo, Suhbaatar district
12,13,14,15,1712,13,14,15,17thth horoo, Songino-Hairhan district horoo, Songino-Hairhan district
The Study on City Master Plan and Urban Development Program of Ulaanbaatar City (UBMPS)
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Research of problem finding
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The comments discussed during meetings
Lack of kindergartens, schools and other social services facilities, which creates major problems for residents
- In case of construction of apartment houses, residents could give land for construction and get apartments in return
- It is needed to plan a safe road - Options on how different size of land, which
varies between 0,3-0,7 hectares, owned by various people will be reflected in the project planning
- Effectiveness of land re-planning projects
Public participation
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- Whether different treatment shall be used for people who grow in their yards trees and other plants
- After planning stage, when implementation phase will start and finish
- The role and participation of the capital city municipality and the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development
- Solutions proposed for families which reside on someone else’s yard and do not own the land
- Type of apartment buildings to be built
- Parties which will participate in the implementation process.
The comments discussed during meetings
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“Neighborhood Residential Unit” Planning
This is a basic urban planning unit to plot community facilities such as kindergarten, elementary school and parks in residential area. Basically, service coverage of 1 school is a basic unit, which consists of 7,000 – 10,000 population.
Children’s park
Commercial center
Community center
Neighborhood park
Pedestrianroad
Kindergarten
Trunk road
District road
App. 1km
School
“Neighborhood Residential Unit” Planning
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Dambadarjaa-planning scheme
Present PlanArea (m2) % Area (m2) %
Road 0 0,00% 207 400 19,01%Pedestrian 0 0,00% 82 000 7,52%Park 0 0,00% 88 200 8,08%River, water 2 000 0,50% 2 300 0,21%School and kindergarten 0 0,00% 47 100 4,31%Public facilities 5 000 0,50% 12 600 1,15%Residential area 99810 99,08% 262 200 24,04%Apartment area (reserved land) 0 0,00% 86000 8%
Total 109 300 100,00% 1 093 000 100,00%
Planning area - 109,3гаTemple area– 5,54 гаPopulation – 7000Households – 1500Plots – 933Streets – 55
PlannedPopulation11000-12000School for 1250 childrenKindergarten for 530 children Community center– 1Green area– 3,6 га
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School
Green in marsh land
Commercial street
Kindergarten
Fire station
1km (Service radius)
Electricity & Heating
plant
Community center
Bogd Zonhov mountain
Dambadrajaa temple
Clinic
Dambadarjaa-planning scheme
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School Commercial area
Kindergarten
Community center,
Clinic
1km (Service radius)
Green belt
Bus station
Unur Present Plan
Area (m2)
% Area (m2)
%
Road 2 490 8,00%
182 600
19,59%
Pedestrian 0 0,00%
109 000
11,60%
Park 0 0,00%
92 500
9,90%
River, water 2 000 0,50%
5 000 0,53%
School and kindergarten
0 0,00%
27 600
2,96%
Public facilities 5 000 0,50%
26 650
2,80%
Sub-total 9 490 1,00%
443 350
47,57%
Residential area 893 396
99,00%
400 064
42,93%
Apartment area (reserved land)
0 0,00%
88 530
9,50%
Total 902 886
100,00%
931 900
100,00%
Unur – plaaning scheme
Planning area– 93 гаPopulation– 9000
PlannedPOP13500, 145 Person/ha School for 1052 childrenKindergarten for 440 childrenCommunity center– 1Green area– 8,4 га
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Apartment
Common house Townhouse
Detached house
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Dambadarjaa district planning
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Dambadarjaa district planning
Waste water treatment plant
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Unur district planning
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“Land pooling ” system“Land readjustment” system
before
after
road
Reserved land(for public purpose , to sell)
Detached house
apartmentschool
Green area
townhouse
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“Land pooling ” system
“Land readjustment” system
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““land poolingland pooling”” system system
Land reserve
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Thank you for the attention.