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MEERA MUNUSAMYNational Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMALAYSIA
08 March 2010
URBANISATION AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL FOR THE SOURCE OF WATER IN
KUALA LUMPUR CITY
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1. Socio‐economic condition of KL City2. Scenario of quantity and quality of
water3. Effluent Load to the water source4. Current measures on quality control5. Issues on quality control
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Peninsular of Malaysia
Area : 243 km2
Population : 1,655,100
Population Density : 6,811/km2
Districts around Klang Valley : Gombak,
Hulu Selangor,Klang, Petaling
1. Socio‐economical and natural conditions of Kuala Lumpur
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Population around Klang Valley
State/District Populations 1980 1990 2000 2009
Selangor 1,515,536 2,413,567 4,188,876
GombakKlangUlu Langat
688,700840,7001,170,900
KL Federal Territory
977,102 1,226,708 1,379,310 1,655,100
State/District Area (sq. km)
Population (‘000) Population Density (per sq. km.)
Average Annual Population Growth Rate (%)2008‐2009
Sex Ratio Median Age (years)
SelangorGombak KlangPetalingHulu Langat
628636501840
688.7840.71,547.11,170.9
1,0971,8228,0881,394
1.91.92.22.5
103110102103
26.127.027.126.7
KL Federal Territory 243 1,655.1 6,811 1.6 103 29.0
Population Density, 2009
Annual Average Precipitation
•Equatorial•Average annual rainfall 2500mm a year and the average temperature is 27°C (81°F)
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
Peninsular Sarawak Sabah
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia
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Source: 8th Malaysian Plan
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur (at purchasers’ value in 1987 prices) has increased from RM21,157 million in 1995 to RM25,968 million in 2000, an average annual growth rate of 4.2 percent. Malaysia’s GDP average annual growth rate during the same period was 4.7 percent
• The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur during the period 1995 to 2000 rose from RM22,799 to RM30,727, an average annual growth rate of 6.1 percent. The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur was more than twice that of the national average
Area GDP (in RM million) Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
1995 2000
KL 21,157 26,968 4.2
Malaysia 166,625 209,269 4.7
Area Per Capita GDP (in RM Million)
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
Ratio of Per Capita GDP TO Malaysia Average
1995 20001995 2000
KL 22,799 30,727 6.1 2.12 2.11
Malaysia 10,756 14,584 6.3 1.00 1.00
Source: 8th Malaysian Plan
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Industry Players in Water Resources Management
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State Populat‐ion served
% Population servedYear 2007
Population served
% Population servedYear 2008
Urban Rural State total (%)
Urban Rural State total (%)
Selangor 6,560,306 100 99 99.9 6,694,775 100 99 99.9
Public Access to Tapped Water System
Water treatment plant
Actual Design Capacity (m3/day)
2008 2009
Actual Total Production(m3/year) Actual Total Production(m3/year)
Bukit Nanas 145,000 44,600,394 50,086,538Sg Langat
386,400 173,141,058 169,404,599Wangsa Maju 45,000 16,975,080 16,675,514
Public Access to Water Supply Treatment Plants in Kuala Lumpur
Source: SPAN
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% people who can access domestic wastewater treatment systems1998 2000 2004 2008
Proportion of commercial properties with access to an urban sanitation system
16,843 19,021 30,518 48,038
Proportion of residential properties with access to an urban sanitation system
142,303 157,159 221,285 197,182
1994: Federal Government appointed a concessionaire > design, implement and manage a unified sewerage scheme for Kuala LumpurThe concessionaire implemented a sewerage master plan : divides Kuala Lumpur into 7 catchments, each of which has been provided with aregional waste treatment plant
Source: IWK
Commercial: residential = 1: 4
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Figure: Location of sewerage treatment facilities, 2000
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MRR2
TAMAN CONNAUGHT
TAMAN MULIA TAMAN MUTIARA BARAT
MRR2
LEBUHRAYA TIMUR ‐ BARAT
TAMAN MIDAH
TAMANTONG LIAN
BANDAR TUN RAZAK
TAMAN HIJAU
TAMANTAYNTON VIEW
KLR 129
ORIGINAL STP
NEW STP UNDER JBIC PROJECT
EXISTING LANDUSE
GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
BDR. TUN RAZAK STP
LEGEND
Take Over Date 17-Jul-06DLP Date 17-Jul-08Volume Capacity 25,000 m3/dayDesign PE 100,000Ultimate PE 200,000Sludge Produced (Actual) 8 tonne/dayEffluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%)Process Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)Power Consumption 1,760 kW/h (Max)Capital Cost RM 95.2 Mill
BANDAR TUN RAZAK SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
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KLR 142
T. BUKITKUCHAI
SHAH ALAM EXPRESSWAY
PUCHONGPOND
PAK SIONG
BANDARKINRARA
KG. PASIRPANJANG
TAMAN SERI SENTOSA
TAMANO.U.G
SERI PETALINGPHASE 3&4
SERI PETALINGPHASE 1&2
NATIONAL
SPORTSCENTRE
TAMAN TECHNOLOGYMALAYSIA PHASE 1
BUKIT JALILESTATE
NEW STP UNDER JBIC
ORIGINAL STP (AL)
CATCHMENT BOUNDARY
PUCHONG STP
LEGEND
EXISTING LANDUSE
GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM
Take Over Date 16-Sep-06DLP Date 16-Sep-08Volume Capacity 37,000 m3/dayDesign PE 150,000Ultimate PE 1,000,000Sludge Produced (Actual) 25 tonne/dayEffluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%)Process Advance Activated SludgePower Consumption 1,523 kW/h (Max)Capital Cost RM 90 Mill
PUCHONG SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
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2. Scenario of quantity and quality of waterName Volume of available
water (m3)Volume of abstracted water (m3)
Beneficial use (domestic,industry, agriculture) (%)
Water quality
Reservoirs:
Klang Gate Dam
25,104 million liter
Water supply dam and is one of the major suppliers of drinking water to residents of Klang Valley
Batu Dam Holding capacity is 36.6 Mm3. The Sungai Batu water treatment plant produces 114 million litres per day of treated water
Water abstracted for domestic and industrial water supply to some parts of Kuala Lumpur
Flood control and water supply dam constructed under the Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project
Rivers:AMPANGBATUBUNOSDAMANSARAGOMBAKJINJANGKERAYONGKEROHKLANGKUYOHPENCALASEMELA
SPSPSPPSPPPSPPSPPC
Monitoring stations
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Natural drainage system in KL‐ 3 primary rivers : total length of 32.8 kilometres and 8 other rivers with a combined length of 40.6 kilometres
Figure: Rivers, drainage and retention pond system,
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Groundwater usage by sector in Langat Basin
District Usage (m3/hr) Total usage m3/hour
Domestic Industry
Hulu Langat
110.1 125.16 235.26
Kuala Langat
1128.0 1295.5 2506.19
Sepang 103.27 0 103.27
Details DistrictHulu Langat Kuala Langat Sepang
Domestic 27 11 18
Industry 9 6 0
Observation 6 4 1
Test Well 0 14 0
Unknown 5 1 0
Distribution of wells in the Langat Basin
Figure: Rivers, 2000
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3. Effluent Load to the Water Source
Land use by category, 2000
Figure: Composition of water pollution sources by sector, 2007
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Figure : Trend of Pollutant Parameter at Klang River, Year 2005 – 2007
Pollutant Load to the receiving water course around KL City
From wastewater effluent discharge into Klang RiverBOD (kg/day) COD
(kg/day)NH3‐N(kg/day)
O& G(kg/day)
SS(kg/day)
13,548.44 35,348.92 7,131.57 2,521.50 15,663.83
BOD (kg/day) COD(kg/day)
NH3‐N(kg/day)
O& G(kg/day)
SS(kg/day)
3,431.00 13,724.10 13,724.10 688.20 6,882.10
From Septic tank & Pour Flush Systems
As recorded in the Malaysia Environmental Quality Reports of 2000, Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that water quality for Sungai Klang and Sungai Gombak is still polluted (WQI Class III 51.9‐ 76.5) which requires extensive treatment
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Total BOD load (kg/day)from Sewage Treatment Plants, Environmental Quality Report 2007
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4. Current Measures on Quality Control for Water source
A. Water Quality Index StandardThe Department of Environment is responsible for standards of effluent discharged from municipal sewerage treatment plants and all associated environmental matters.
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B. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
Contemplates on eco‐friendly stormwater management practices based on: Stormwater Quantity Control – Flash FloodStormwater Quality Control‐ River pollutionErosion and Sediment Control Plan
Used by:Consultants, local authorities, housing developers, public and DID
C. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)Promotes legislation process
Engineering and technology support decision making in river basin management
D. CASE STUDY: KLANG RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM
Construction, maintenance, desilting, beautitificationRelocation of squattersTreatment of pig wasteRehabilitation of aquatic lifeEducationWater pollution controlEnforcement
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1978 ‐ establish baselines and detect water quality changes in river water quality and extended to identifying of pollution sources
Water samples collected at regular intervals from designated stations for in‐situ and laboratory analysis to determine its physico‐chemical and biological characteristics.
(a) Manual Water Quality Monitoring (MWQM) Programme ‐ In 2006 : 1,064 manual stations in 146 river basins were
monitored‐ 30 Manual Water Quality monitoring stations around Klang Valley‐ Sampling Frequency = 4 to 12x/yr/station.
(b) Continuous Water Quality Monitoring (CWQM) Programme ‐ 1 CWQM station at Klang River
E. River water quality monitoring programme by DOE
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MANUAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING MWQM PROGRAMME
Parameter for in‐situ measurement – DO (%), DO (mg/l)‐ Turbidity (NTU)‐ Conductivity (Us/cm)‐ Salinity (ppt)‐ pH‐ Temperature
Parameter for lab analysis BOD, COD, SS, NH3‐N, pH, DS, TS, NO3‐N, Cl, PO4‐P, O&G, MBAS, E.coli, Coliform, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na. [ 24 chemical and biological parameters ]
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22
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala TerengganuGeorge Town
Ipoh
Kuantan
Malacca
Johore Bharu
Shah Alam
Seremban
Perai River
Perak River
Klang River,Selangor River
Langat River
Labu River
Batang Benar River,
Linggi River
Malacca River
Skudai River,
Keratong River,
Putat River
Terengganu River
ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIA SDN BHD CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORINGSTATIONS THROUGHOUT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA-13 STATIONS
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What Are The Sources Of Sewage Pollution?What Are The Sources Of Sewage Pollution?5. Current Issues on Quality Control for Water
Source
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EFFLUENT FROM TREATMENT PLANTS & OVERFLOW DISCHARGES
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
ODOURVISUAL AND AESTHETICS
HEALTH AND SAFETY NOISE FROM PLANTS
BUFFER
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS FROM SEWERAGE ACTIVITIES ?
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ISSUES AND PROBLEMS1. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Resources:Matters pertaining to water – State Government jurisdictionFragmentation in the management of water resources – many institutions involvedSome laws: relatively old review
Enforcement Activities:Coordinated approach by each StateDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage and DOE as secretariatMaximum fine RM2,000 : Solid waste dumpingMaximum compound RM250,000
Eg :Challenges faced with USMMM:MaintenanceWorkload, expertise, fundsLand
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2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
About 50 tons of solid waste needs to be removed from the Klang River basin daily
Between 500‐800 tones entered the river system daily with only 80 tones (15%) picked out by existing trapping and removal mechanism
2006: Alam Flora – “fish out” 50,000 tonnes of rubbish from Klang River daily
Solid waste composition in 2006 : reported at 36 %factories, 25 % squatters, 17 % hawkers, 10 % debris,and 18%from individuals
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3. WATER QUALITY
4. SEWERAGE1998: 46 % Wastewater treatment plants comply with DOE discharge standards2005: DOE expected 85% plants comply standards
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5. SQUATTERS
1998: Population in squatters 130,000
Squatter settlements presently occupying approximately 571 hectares or 2.4 percent of total land useComposition of illegal immigrants was reported high : 30%Average consumption of 150 l/day/person*(based on a US survey projection) total sullage and sewerage generated and channeled directly to Klang River 4.5million litres dailyPoorly managed solid waste and rubbish thrown at common dumping area beside river2011: 80% improvement KL squatter free area
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6. SULLAGE WATER/ ILLEGAL FACTORIESYear 2000: No of licensed hawkers and petty traders: 35,120–mainly at markets, night markets, kiosks, secured stalls and attachments outside buildings‐ 65 % stalls located in City Centre> discharge sullage water Water usage : 100l/stall/day total output of sullage water generated: 2.2 million cu. Litres/dayLarge number of residents – have 3rd kitchen connected to storm water drainage system rather than to the sewerage systemEstimate total residence in KL about 1.6 Million and considering 2% of these houses discharge kitchen and laundry water into storm drains 8 million litres of sullage water discharged into rivers daily (based on average daily household use of water of 250 litres/family/day)Pollutants from factories comprises chemicals and metals which are discharged into the rivers
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