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Update on VegetableNutrition
Dr Clive Rahn
PlantNutrition Consulting
Warwick Crop Centrewww.warwick.ac.uk/go/wcc
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Nitrogen– Assessment of Soil Nitrogen Supply– Difficult seasons- When to apply N
Magnesium
Potash
Other Nutrients
Update on Vegetable Nutrition
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Why NitrogenWhy Nitrogen
• Nitrate
– drinking water limit (50 mg/l)
– eutrophication of coastal/marine waters
• Ammonia
– damaging to ecosystems sensitive toacidification and/or nitrogen enrichment
• Nitrous oxide
– a greenhouse gas
NB – Pollution Swapping Issues
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Why NitrogenWhy Nitrogen
• Carbon balance• Massive energy input into N fertilisers
• Produce quality– Fresh salads have max nitrate content
• Wrong amount of N– disease risk– no marketable crop
• Directives– Nitrates Directive– Water framework directive – good ecological status.– Bathing water directive
• Good farming practice– Single farm payment– Stewardship schemes
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Fertiliser Manual RB209 (8th Edition)
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• Principals of nutrient management
• Organic manures
• Assessing soil nitrogen supply
• Arable and forage crops
• Vegetables and bulbs
• Fruit vines and hops
• Biomass crops
• Grass
• Appendices
RB209 – Contents - selection
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Soil Nitrogen Supply Index
161-2405
Min N kg/ha
To 90 cm
Index
> 2406
121-1604
101-1203
81-1002
61-801
<600 • By measurement
• By tables
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Soil Nitrogen supply by measurement
Sampling bymachine or by handauger to 90 cmdepth
NO3- and NH4+mineral N
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SNS Index depends on
• Overwinter Rainfall
• Soil Type
• Previous crop
Field Assessment Method
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EWR – rainfall between field capacity andDrain flow ceases – evapo-transpiration
RB209 – Overwinter rainfall allowance
>250>700High
150 - 250600 - 700Moderate
<150<600Low
Excess WinterRainfall mm
(EWR)
Annual
Rainfall
mm
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Annual Rainfall in England and Wales
RB209 – Overwinter rainfall allowance
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Crop Residues
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Soils
Organic (10-20% om)
Deep silty
Peaty (>20% om)
Deep clayey
Medium or shallow soils not over sandstone
Light sands or shallow soils over sandstone
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Soils after High Residue Vegetables
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
EWR
1Loamy Sand
SNS INDEXSoil
1
2
3
4Silt Loam
4 (5)
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Soils after Low Residue Vegetables
High
Moderate
Low
High
Moderate
Low
EWR
0Loamy Sand
SNS INDEXSoil
0
0 (1)
1
1Silt Loam
2 (3)
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Assessment of Soil Nitrogen Supply
HDC Factsheet
Soil Nitrogen Supplyfor Field Vegetables
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Fertiliser Manual RB209 (8th Edition)
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Pillars of the system
• Whole Crop Grown – in thefield t/ha Dry matter Yield todeliver marketable crop..
• Nitrogen Offtake – Howmuch a crop needs to take upto support this size of plant.
• Supply of N – from previouscrops, SOM and fertiliser.
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Supply of Nitrogen
• Mineral N to rooting depth.
• Estimate of N release from Soil organic matter.
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RB209 - N Fertiliser recommendation framework
Crop
FreshMktYieldt/ha
% Drymatter
Marketable
Dry wtharvestIndex
Totaldry
mattert/ha
Relation N% anddry matter yield
% N Tot Nuptakekg/ha
Minlisekg/ha
Perioddates
Rootdepth
cm
RecoveryFert %
‘a’ ‘b’Brussels sprouts 20.3 16.96 0.26 13.25 2.50 3.50 2.78 368 120.5 20/5-17/12 90 60White Cabbage Storage 110.0 8.60 0.65 14.55 2.55 0.80 2.60 378 121.7 1 /5-12/11 90 60Head Cabbage - preChristmas
60.0 8.60 0.48 10.77 2.55 0.80 2.67 288 43.5 18/5-19/7 90 60
Head Cabbage postChristmas
53.0 8.60 0.46 10.00 2.55 0.80 2.70 270 73.6 25/7-15/01 90 60
Collards Pre Christmas 20.0 8.60 0.34 5.06 3.45 0.60 4.01 203 51.0 16/7-24/9 45 60Collards Post Christmas 30.0 8.60 0.38 6.84 3.45 0.60 3.80 260 40.7 15/9-15/01 60 60Cauliflower (OverWinter)
8.11 3.45 0.60 3.70 300 85.2 30/7-10/03 75 60
Calabrese 16.3 10.38 0.17 9.95 1.80 3.50 2.27 226 35.8 27/04-25/06 90 60Cauliflower summer 30.6 8.24 0.37 6.81 3.45 0.60 3.80 259 43.5 21/5 – 21/7 75 60Celery 205 K 32.0 15/05-1/07 60 60Lettuce (Crisp) 45.5 5.30 0.50 4.82 2.60 1.10 3.42 165 21.8 15/05-15/06 45 60Radish 50.0 100 K 24.3 2/05-11/06 30 60Bulb onions spring 60.5 12.65 0.81 9.45 1.20 3.50 1.56 147 20.4 18/03-12/05 60 60Bulb onionsoverwintered
60.5 12.65 0.81 9.45 1.20 3.50 1.56 147 20.4 as above 60 60
Salad onions 30.0 12.65 0.81 4.69 1.20 3.50 2.44 114 20.4 as above 30 60Salad onionsoverwintered
30.0 12.65 0.81 4.69 1.20 3.50 2.44 114 20.4 as above 30 60
Leeks 47.0 14.24 0.57 11.75 2.00 4.00 2.38 279 132.3 21/4-12/12 45 60Beetroot 60.0 270K 65.4 18/5-16/08 60 60Parsnips and (Turnips) 48.0 241K 91.7 30/03-27/08 90 60Carrots 150.0 11.42 0.81 21.15 0.82 7.00 0.84 178 66.4 2/05-8/08 90 60
Some data used from KNS system when not available from UK
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Recommendations – Example
3075125150160180200Lettuce
080160210230260290Cauliflower
6 (250)5 (200)4 (140)3 (110)2 (90)1 (70)0 (50)SNS Index(kg/ha N to 90cm)
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Difficultseasons?DifficultDifficult
seasons?seasons?
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Supply of N - in soil and cropat harvest of cauliflowers
0 50 100 150
60-90 cm
30-60 cm
15-30 cm
0-15 cm
Crop
Nitrogen kg/ha
Sandy loam soil.
0 50 100 150
60-90 cm
30-60 cm
15-30 cm
0-15 cm
Crop
Nitrogen kg/ha
Silt soil.
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Other recommendation Systems
Advantages
• Field specific
• Dynamic
• Can justify fertiliserapplications
• Provides consistentrecommendations.
Disadvantages
• Time to input data
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Models - rotations
Description
• daily time step
• 5 cm cells
• growth and N supplysimulated
• crop residues + SOM
• rotations
•environmental andeconomic
Disadvantages
• Research model
• needs more work
Download fromWarwick Crop Centre
www.warwick.ac.uk/go/eurotaten
EU-Rotate_N
2003 - 2006
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COMPUTER SIMULATION OVER WHOLE CROP ROTATION
01140 02180 03220 04260 053000
5
10
15
Year/day no
Yie
ld-
t/h
aYield
t/ha
WheatSprouts
Cauli
Potato
Lettuce
RyeRye RyeRye
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COMPUTER SIMULATION OVER WHOLE CROP ROTATION
01140 02180 03220 04260 053000
5
10
15
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Year/day no
Yie
ld-
t/h
a
Cu
mN
lea
ched
bel
ow
90
cm Yield
t/ha
Leach
kg/ha
WheatSprouts
Cauli
Potato
Lettuce
Rye
Rye RyeRye
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When toApply?When toWhen toApply?Apply?
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Cauliflower
0 25 50 75 100 1250
200
400
600
800
Days from sowing
Sh
oo
tfr
esh
weig
ht
(g)
Burns (1996) - Acta Horticulturae 428
(shaded areas - no N supply)
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Effect of fertiliser splitting on yield of broccoli
After Ulrike (1997)
25:25:25:25 55:33:12:0 0:12:33:55 10:40:40:10 50:50 Nil
100
150
200
250
300
350
Fertiliser split - 278 kg/ha applied in total
me
an
he
ad
wt
g
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GrowingSeason losses
of Nitrogen
GrowingGrowingSeason lossesSeason losses
of Nitrogenof Nitrogen
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% N leached below 30cm
1005025
?
10
20
25
35
?
0
5
10
15
Drainage mmSoil
?Peats
45Silty clay loam
60Sandy silt loam
65Sandy loam
85Loamy sand
Losses can also occur by denitrification
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Nitrogen fertilisation and head rot in broccoli
After Everaarts (1994) Neth J Ag Sc 42 p 195
cv Emperor
0 50 100 150 2000
20
40
60
80
100
3
4
5
6
N Fertiliser kg/ha
%h
ea
ds
infe
cte
d
Ma
rke
tab
leY
ield
t/h
a
%
infected
Yield
Marketable
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Other NutrientsOther NutrientsOther Nutrients
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Other Nutrients - Mg
Strong IntervenalChlorosis
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Other Nutrients - Mg
Often temporary - check
• Soil Mg status
• Soil K status
• Soil structure
Can often occur as growth accelerates in the spring
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Other Nutrients - Mg
• Wet cold soils
• Poor root growth
• High soil K
• High EC
Last Resort - can spray foliage with 1- 2% MgSO4
with wetting agent
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MAINTAIN GOOD
SOIL STRUCTURE !
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Potash deficiency in Field Vegetables
Older leaves severemarginal scorch and
forward curling ofleaf margins.
More severe on light soils whereK mining has occurred.
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Observe contextObserve context
SoilSoil
CropCrop
pHpH
PatternPattern
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS
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Environmental factors affectingmineral nutrition
Environmental factors affectingEnvironmental factors affectingmineral nutritionmineral nutrition
pHpH
water availabilitywater availability
anoxiaanoxiasoil structuresoil structure
lightlight
contaminantscontaminantssoil biotasoil biota
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BoronBoron -- Light soils pH > 6.5, red beet, carrots,Light soils pH > 6.5, red beet, carrots,celery, cauliflowers, kale.celery, cauliflowers, kale. -- DiagnosisDiagnosis use soiluse soil<0.1 or plant <20ppm<0.1 or plant <20ppm
CopperCopper -- peats, loamy sands, thin over chalkpeats, loamy sands, thin over chalk --carrots, onions.carrots, onions. DiagnosisDiagnosis use soil <1.6 or plantuse soil <1.6 or plant<3<3 ppmppm
ManganeseManganese -- Organic + peaty soils and sandsOrganic + peaty soils and sandspH>6.0. Carrots, onions.pH>6.0. Carrots, onions. -- DiagnosisDiagnosis use leaf <20use leaf <20ppmppm..
MolybdenumMolybdenum -- Most soils low pHMost soils low pH -- Cauliflower.Cauliflower.DiagnosisDiagnosis -- use soil <5.5 or plant < 0.1use soil <5.5 or plant < 0.1
Analysis MethodsAnalysis Methods -- Soil Extractable, Plant Total.Soil Extractable, Plant Total.
••
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Other Sources of Information
The Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies in Plants by VisualSymptoms
by Thomas Wallace, M.C., D.Sc., A.I.C.http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/min-def/index.html
Nutrient Requirements and SpecificDeficiency Symptoms of Vegetable Species
http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/guides/fertmanual/vege2.htm#I2
Diagnosis of Mineral Disorders in Plants.Scaife, A. and Turner, M. (1983).
Vol. 2. Vegetables. (Robinson, J.B.D., Ed), HMSO, London. pp96.
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•• Consider assessing soil N supply.Consider assessing soil N supply.
•• DonDon’’t panic when it rains.t panic when it rains.
•• Magnesium deficiency check soil conditions.Magnesium deficiency check soil conditions.
•• Check deficiencies by context and analysis.Check deficiencies by context and analysis.
SummarySummarySummary
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Any QuestionsAny Questions
Thank YouThank YouThank You