Update of Air Quality
in Texas
Susana M. Hildebrand, P.E.
Chief Engineer
2
Update of Air Quality in Texas Air Toxics
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Permitting Actions to Improve Air Quality in Texas
Ongoing Activities
Air Quality Challenges
Ongoing Efforts
3
Air Toxics
Effects Screening Levels
Benzene
Butadiene
Air Pollutant Watch List
4
Effects Screening Levels
New guidelines November 2006– External scientific peer review by panel of international
experts– Two rounds of public comments
Used in air permitting and for evaluating air monitoring data.
Currently, 28 ESLs have been derived using the new process.
5
Benzene Risk-driver for Texas and U.S. Wide variety of emission sources Representative of other chemicals
In 2008, no monitors in Harris County were above the long-term ESL for benzene
All monitors in the Houston Region showed a decrease in average benzene concentration from 2005-2008
87% of the monitors statewide showed a decrease in average benzene concentration from 2005-2008
6
2008 Average Benzene Concentrations at Air Monitoring Sites in Texas(Values shown are arithmetic means of 5329 to 7594 hourly autoGC measurements where available*; otherwise arithmetic means of 45 to 61 canister samples.)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
Po
rt A
rth
ur,
City
Se
rvic
e C
en
ter
* T
exa
s C
ity, 1
1th
St.
Ga
len
a P
ark
Lo
ng
vie
w
* H
ou
sto
n, L
ynch
bu
rg F
err
y
Ho
ust
on
, Ja
cin
to P
ort
Gro
ves
Pa
sad
en
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h
La
red
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ara
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sa S
t. B
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ge
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rpu
s C
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sti,
Hu
isa
che
St.
Be
au
mo
nt,
Ca
rro
ll S
t. P
ark
* T
exa
s C
ity, 3
1st
St.
El P
aso
, Wo
mb
le
El P
aso
, Su
n M
etr
o
Ma
nch
est
er
Te
xas
City
, Ba
ll P
ark
* C
ha
nn
elv
iew
Po
rt A
rth
ur,
We
st
Sh
ore
Acr
es
* E
l Pa
so, C
ha
miz
al
Ba
yto
wn
Po
rt A
rth
ur,
Je
ffers
on
Co
. Air
po
rt
Co
rpu
s C
hri
sti,
Hill
cre
st
Ald
ine
Ka
rna
ck
NW
Ha
rris
Co
un
ty, T
om
ba
ll
* H
ou
sto
n, C
esa
r C
ha
vez
Po
rt N
ech
es
La
red
o, W
ash
ing
ton
St.
* H
ou
sto
n, C
linto
n D
r.
* B
ea
um
on
t, L
am
ar
Un
iv.
* H
ou
sto
n, H
ad
en
Rd
.
* D
ee
r P
ark
Co
rpu
s C
hri
sti,
Do
na
Pa
rk
* C
orp
us
Ch
rist
i, O
ak
Pa
rk
Sa
n A
nto
nio
, Old
Hw
y. 9
0
Au
stin
, We
bb
erv
ille
Rd
.
* N
ed
erl
an
d H
igh
Sch
oo
l
Mis
sio
n
* O
de
ssa
, Ha
ys
Ho
ust
on
, Ba
yla
nd
Pa
rk
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ou
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n, M
ilby
Pa
rk
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ive
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ol
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nro
e, R
elo
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d
Ed
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urg
* O
de
ssa
, Go
nza
les
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wn
svill
e
* B
ayt
ow
n, W
alli
svill
e R
d.
Clu
te
* C
orp
us
Ch
rist
i, S
ola
r E
sta
tes
Gre
en
ville
* T
exa
s C
ity, 3
4th
St.
Mid
loth
ian
, Old
FW
Rd
.
De
nto
n A
irp
ort
S.
Ka
ufm
an
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vin
e, F
air
wa
y D
r.
Italy
* D
alla
s, H
into
n S
t.
Ga
lve
sto
n, 9
9th
St.
* F
t. W
ort
h, N
W
* L
ake
Ja
ckso
n
* D
an
cig
er
Ben
zen
e C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pb
v)
TCEQ Long-Term Effects Screening Level (ESL) = 1.4 ppbv
# Incomplete sampling yearDallas, Boys Club site was not included due to being deactivated in February 2008Beaumont, Carroll Street Park was deactivated on July 30, 2008Pasadena North was activated on July 1, 2008Shore Acres; El Paso, Chamizal; Houston, Clinton Dr.; Danciger; and Houston, Milby Park had less than 75% data return in 2008
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
7
Annual Average Benzene Levels at Selected Harris and Galveston County Sites, 2005-2008(based on hourly autoGC data if available*; otherwise every-sixth-day 24-hour canister data)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
*Lyn
chbu
rg F
erry
Gal
ena
Par
k
Man
ches
ter
Sho
re A
cres
Tx
City
, B
all P
ark
*Had
en R
d
*Clin
ton
Dr
*Dee
r P
ark
NW
Har
ris C
ount
y,T
omba
ll
*Ces
ar C
have
z
Ald
ine
*Tex
as C
ity,
34th
St
Clu
te
Bay
land
Par
k
*Milb
y P
ark
*Mus
tang
Bay
ou
*Wal
lisvi
lle
*Dan
cige
r
*Lak
e Ja
ckso
n
Ben
zen
e C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pb
v)
2005
2006
2007
2008
% - Percent reduction for each year compared to 2005Clinton and Milby Park had less than 75% data return in 2008
25%
52%
65%
20%
12%
33%
2%29
%28
%
25%
31%
49%
22%
44% 38
%
9%28
%42
% 20%
12%
33%
32%
7%12
%
19%
23%
27%
17%
47%
26%
73%
11%
11%
64%
13%
17%
-3%
27% 16
%
13%26
%
5%
38%6%
34%3%
13%
32%
2%6%-19%
29%
19%
11%
16%
29%
25%
8
Annual Average 1,3-Butadiene Levels at Harris and Galveston County Sites, 2005-2008(based on hourly autoGC data if available*; otherwise every-sixth-day 24-hour canister data)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
*Milb
y P
ark
*Cha
nnel
view
*Ces
ar C
have
z
*Lyn
chbu
rg F
erry
*Had
en R
d
Man
ches
ter
*Clin
ton
Dr
Gal
ena
Par
k
Bay
tow
n
*Dee
r P
ark
Ald
ine
*Wal
lisvi
lle
Sho
re A
cres
Cha
nnel
view
, N
orth
Jaci
ntop
ort
*Tex
as C
ity,
34th
St
*Lak
e Ja
ckso
n
*Mus
tang
Bay
ou
Tx
City
, B
all P
ark
Clu
te
Bay
land
Par
k
Tex
as C
ity,
Nes
sler
Poo
l
*Dan
cige
r
NW
Har
ris C
ount
y, T
omba
ll
Gal
vest
on A
irpor
t
Gal
vest
on 9
9th
Str
eet
1,3-
Bu
tad
ien
e C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pb
v)2005 1,3-Butadiene ppbv
2006 1,3-Butadiene ppbv
2007 1,3-Butadiene ppbv
2008 1,3-Butadiene ppbv
# - Incomplete year of samplingClinton, Danciger, Deer Park, and Milby Park had less than 75% data return in 2008Galveston Airport and Channelview North were deactivated in 2007.Jacintoport was activated in 2006. Galveston 99th was activated in 2007.
TCEQ Long-Term Effects Screening Level = 9.1 ppbv
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
9
Air Pollutant Watch List
Currently, there are 12 APWL areas in 11 counties
Over the last 2 years, 6 pollutants have been removed
7 more pollutants in 5 APWL areas are proposed to be removed later this year
Number of Chemicals on the Air Pollutant Watch List
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2006 2007 2008 2009 Late 2009 (proposed)
Nu
mb
er o
f C
hem
ical
s at
a L
evel
of
Co
nce
rn
10
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Ozone (1997 Standard - 0.08 parts per million)– Houston-Galveston-Brazoria– Dallas-Fort Worth– Beaumont-Port Arthur (redesignation request pending approval)
Particulate Matter– El Paso County for PM10
Lead– A portion of Collin County in the Dallas-Fort Worth Area
Nitrogen Dioxide– All areas attainment
Sulfur Dioxide– All areas attainment
Carbon Monoxide– All areas attainment
Attainment of Air Quality Standards
12
Texas Eight-Hour Ozone Design Value and Population Trends 2000-2009
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
De
sig
n V
alu
e (p
pb
)
-
6
12
18
24
Po
pu
lati
on
(M
illio
ns)
Population HGB DFW BPA TLM SAN AUS ELP CC VIC
1997 NAAQS: 85 ppb
2008 NAAQS: 75 ppb
13
HGB Ozone Design Value and Population Trends 2000-2009
0
60
120
180
240
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*
Design Value(ppb)
0
2
4
6
8
Population (Millions)
Population
One-Hour Design Value
Eight-Hour Design Value
*Source: Ozone -- EPA's AQS database.1991-2008 Population --http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/1990s/MA-99-03b.txt and http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2008-popchg2000_2008.html2009 Data is current as of October 6, 2009 and is subject to change. 2009 population data will not be available until June 2010.
One-Hour NAAQS: 125 ppb
Eight-Hour NAAQS (1997): 85 ppb
14
Ozone Design Values for the HGB Area
119 116104
110 114 116 117 116 118112 110 107 102 101 103 103
96 9184
220210
200 202
189 188199 196
203 199
185175 175 170 169
153 153147
127
0
50
100
150
200
250
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Design Value(ppb)
Eight-Hour Design Value
One-Hour Design Value
One-Hour NAAQS: 125 ppb
Eight-Hour NAAQS (1997): 85 ppb
*2009 data is as of October 6, 2009 and is subject to change.
15
HGB 1997 Eight-Hour Design Values for 2000, 2005, and 2008
16
HGB Eight-County NOX Emissions
556
320
204
53
339
281
145
35
194
243
138
27
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
EM
ISS
ION
S IN
TO
NS
PE
R D
AY
(T
PD
)
1999 2002 2005EMISSIONS INVENTORY YEAR
AREA
NON-ROAD MOBILE
ON-ROAD MOBILE
POINT
17
Ozone Design Value for the DFW Area
10599 95 96
106 104 10498 101 102 101 99 100 98 95 96 95 91 86
140147
141 140 140 139 139 138 138131
137 135 135129 125 124 124
118 115
0
50
100
150
200
250
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Design Value (ppb)
Eight-Hour Design Value
One-Hour Design Value
One-Hour NAAQS: 125 ppb
Eight-Hour NAAQS (1997): 85 ppb
*2009 data is as of October 6, 2009 and is subject to change.
18
Ozone Design Values and Estimated Population in the DFW Area
0
60
120
180
240
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*
Design Value (ppb)
0
2
4
6
8
Population (Millions)
Population
One-Hour Design Value
Eight-Hour Design Value
*Source: Ozone -- EPA's AQS database.1991-2008 Population --http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/1990s/MA-99-03b.txt and http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2008-popchg2000_2008.html2009 Data is current as of October 6, 2009 and is subject to change. 2009 population data will not be available until June 2010.
One-Hour NAAQS: 125 ppb
Eight-Hour NAAQS (1997): 85 ppb
19
Ozone Design Values for the BPA Area
101 100 97 93 94 91 93 91 88 87 89 90 91 92 88 85 83 81 77
150140
130124
139 139 139133 130
152
127
144
129 130 128 127
107 107 104
0
50
100
150
200
250
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Design Value (ppb)
Eight-Hour Design Value
One-Hour Design Value
One-Hour NAAQS: 125 ppb
Eight-Hour NAAQS (1997): 85 ppb
*2009 data is as of October 6, 2009 and is subject to change.
20
Ozone Design Values and Estimated Population in the BPA Area
0
60
120
180
240
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*
Design Value (ppb)
0
100
200
300
400
Population (Thousands)
Population
One-Hour Design Value
Eight-Hour Design Value
*Source: Ozone -- EPA's AQS database.1991-2008 Population --http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/1990s/MA-99-03b.txt and http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2008-popchg2000_2008.html2009 Data is current as of October 6, 2009 and is subject to change. 2009 population data will not be available until June 2010.
One-Hour NAAQS: 125 ppb
Eight-Hour NAAQS (1997): 85 ppb
PM2.5 Design Values For Clinton Drive(Includes Exceptional Events)
14.1 14.2 14.4 15.0 15.2
3231
3031
3028
14.115.815.4
3130
0
10
20
30
40
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Design Value
(μg/m3)
24-Hour PM2.5 NAAQS = 35 μg/m3
Annual PM2.5 NAAQS = 15.0 μg/m3
24-Hour DV
Annual DV
Annual Average and 98th Percentile PM2.5 at the Clinton Drive Monitor
(Projects 2009 and Includes Exceptional Events)
17.1
14.3 13.8 14.1 14.8 14.415.9 16.0 15.6
14.012.6
35
28
33
3029
3130
32 32
27 26
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
μg/m3
Annual Average PM2.5
98th Percentile PM2.5
23
Efforts to Reduce Local PM2.5 Emissions in the Clinton Drive Area
(as of September 2009)
Road Projects
Railroad Projects
Regulated Industry Projects
24
Road Projects The City of Houston installed barriers to keep trucks from driving off
Clinton Drive onto the dirt shoulders of the road.
The City of Houston installed a traffic light at Clinton Drive and the Industrial Park East gate to control traffic at the intersection and completed a landscaping project along Clinton Drive.
The TCEQ commissioners approved an SEP to pave the parking lot directly adjacent to the monitoring station.
The Port of Houston Authority (PHA) reports widespread use of emulsified asphalt began October 1, 2007.
Valero Asphalt paved its large work yard located across Clinton Drive to the southeast of the monitor.
Railroad Projects
Port Terminal Rail Association (PTRA) and Union Pacific (UP) are operating newly refurbished switcher engines on the Clinton line.– UP currently has 52 new gensets in the Houston area.– UP has 13 locomotives being funded by TERP.
60% of UP switcher engines operating in the area have anti-idling control.
PTRA has stopped the steel loading activities on a dirt area to the south of the monitor.
26
Regulated Industry Projects DuPont, a PHA tenant, has implemented new dust control best
management practices at its fluorspar unloading and storage facility.
Federal consent decrees are anticipated to result in an estimated 33,900 tpy of SO2 reductions in the upper Texas Gulf Coast.– Valero Refining has already implemented control measures to
reduce SO2 emissions by 3,500 tpy. – The Rhodia sulfuric acid plant will decrease its SO2 emissions by
8,984 tpy from 2005 actual emissions by 2012.
27
Permitting Actions to Improve Air Quality in Texas
Flexible Permits
Senate Bill 7 - Grandfathered Electric Generating Units – Resulted in emissions reductions of 102,436 tpy of NOX and
SO2 from previously grandfathered electric generating units.
Coal and petroleum coke fired power plant Petroleum refinery
25,803 tpy SO2 4,877 tpy SO2
10,330 tpy NOX 3,392 tpy NOX
795 tpy PM/PM10 880 tpy PM
530 tpy VOC
4,877 tpy CO
28
Permitting Actions to Improve Air Quality in Texas
-continued-
The voluntary and mandatory permitting requirements for previously grandfathered facilities resulted in over 260,000 tons of reductions in actual emissions from these facilities either through the addition of controls or the shutdown of the facilities.– Senate Bill 766 - Voluntary Emission Reduction Permit or VERP – House Bill 2912 - Mandatory permitting of all grandfathered facilities.
Planned Maintenance, Startup, and Shutdown (MSS)
Infrared (IR) Camera
29
Ongoing Activities
Texas Emission Reduction Plan (TERP)
Drive a Clean Machine
TERP Emission Reduction Incentive Grants and Rebate Grants
Provide grants and incentives to reduce NOX emissions in nonattainment and near-nonattainment areas
Eligible projects include:– Replacement of old vehicles and equipment with newer, more
efficient models– Retrofits and add-ons that reduce emissions from vehicles,
equipment, and stationary sources– Infrastructure to support reduced idling time for equipment, or for
electrification and qualifying fuels– Rail relocation and improvement projects
Texas Emission Reduction Plan (TERP)Projects Awarded Through Nov. 2009
AREA
NUMBEROF
PROJECTSNUMBER OFACTIVITES
TOTAL NOX
(TONS)GRANT
AMOUNT
COST PER TON
TONS PER
DAY IN 2010
TONS PER
DAY IN 2011
TONS PER DAY
IN 2012
TONS PER
DAY IN 2013
Houston/Galveston/Brazoria 2,555 4,993 70,671.4682 $323,555,899.66 $4,578 30.2016 29.1659 27.3258 24.8733
Dallas/Fort Worth 2,628 4,679 55,870.7056 $261,042,156.81 $4,672 21.2109 22.5695 21.7682 21.2155
San Antonio 572 873 7,297.9812 $49,397,014.13 $6,769 3.6585 3.7370 3.6688 3.3782
Austin 479 835 5,989.6338 $42,171,255.02 $7,041 3.1958 3.1771 2.9327 2.7182
El Paso 135 170 705.8245 $3,174,307.08 $4,497 0.3302 0.3021 0.2840 0.2205
Tyler/Longview 151 292 6,650.4022 $38,529,555.98 $5,794 2.7767 3.5570 3.5459 3.4828
Beaumont/Port Arthur 118 329 7,971.0967 $39,164,483.34 $4,913 3.2072 2.9791 2.8334 2.1550
Corpus Christi 22 84 1,079.0967 $5,308,404.20 $4,919 0.6616 0.5697 0.3523 0.2563
Victoria 9 13 92.5450 $620,288.66 $6,703 0.0553 0.0541 0.0523 0.0034
Unknown (TBD)* 5 5 2,284.3140 $17,132,355.00 $7,500 0.4672 1.3053 1.3053 1.3053
6674 12,273 158,612.9876 $780,095,719.87 $4,918 70.6813 67.4167 64.0636 59.6085
* Includes Third-Party Grants to the Railroad Commission of Texas and the Texas General Land Office for funding not yet reported as assigned to specific areas.
TERP Projects Awarded Summary
Number of Projects – 6,674
Number of Activities – 12,273
Total NOX Tons – 158,612.9876
Grant Amount - $780,096,719.87
Cost Per Ton - $4,918
VIC, <1%
ELP, <1%
TYL, 5%
BPA, 5% CC, 1%
TBD*, 2%
SAT, 5%
AUS, 5%
DFW, 34%
HGB, 42%
TERP Grant Amount by Area
AUS Austin Area
BPA Beaumont-
Port Arthur
CC Corpus Christi
DFW Dallas-Fort Worth
ELP El Paso
HGB Houston-Galveston-Brazoria
SAT San Antonio Area
TBD* To Be Determined
TYL Tyler-Longview
VIC Victoria
* Includes Third-Party Grants to the Railroad Commission of Texas and the Texas General Land Office for funding not yet reported as assigned to specific areas.
AirCheckTexasDrive A Clean Machine
Counties with vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program may elect to participate
Provides financial assistance for qualified owners of vehicles
Created in 2001, by the 77th Legislature
Amended by Senate Bill 12 in 2007
Drive a Clean Machine
AreaNumber of
Repairs
Number
of Replacements
Amount Distributed for
Repair/
Replacement
Central Texas 753 2,074 $6,624,439.77
Dallas-Fort Worth 5,504 17,155 $54,181,844.90
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria
5,203 13,911 $44,553,970.69
Total 11,460 33,140 $105,360,255.36
From December 12, 2007, implementation of Senate Bill 12, to February 28, 2010 (end of second quarter Fiscal Year 2010)
36
Air Quality Challenges
Revisions to the 2008 Ozone NAAQS
NAAQS Review Schedule
Effective communication of risk
Continual improvement of APWL process focusing on consistency, transparency, and progress.
2010 Ozone Standard Key DatesThe EPA administrator announced there would be a review of the 2008 ozone NAAQS.
September 16, 2009
EPA proposed revision of the ozone NAAQS.
January 7, 2010
Primary: 8–hr range of 0.060-0.070 ppm
Secondary: range of 7-15 ppm-hrs
EPA signature of revised ozone NAAQS final rule.
August 31, 2010
Designation recommendation due from Governor to EPA.
January 2011
Final ozone nonattainment designations by the EPA.
August 2011
State Implementation Plan (SIP) Revisions due to the EPA.
December 2013
Attainment deadlines August 2014 – August 2031
EPA’s NAAQS Review Schedule
Promulgation: March 27, 2008 Proposed Reconsideration: January 2010
Final Rule: May 27, 2008 Final Rule: August 2010
Proposed Rule – May 28, 2009
Final Rule – December 18, 2009
Proposed Rule – July 30, 2009
Final Rule – March 2, 2010
Promulgation – October 15, 2009
Final Rule - January 12, 2010
Proposed Rule – February 12, 2010
Final Rule – October 19, 2010
Proposed Rule – October 2010
Final Rule – May 13, 2011
Proposed Rule – January 2011
Final Rule – October 2011
2008 2009 2010 2011
2008 2009 2010 2011
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
SO2
Lead
NOX/Sulfur Oxides (SOX)
Secondary Level
CO
PM
39
Ongoing Efforts
Corpus Christi Benzene Biomonitoring Project Barnett Shale Investigations Houston Exposure to Air Toxics Study (HEATS) Linear Dose Response Workshops Flare Task Force Flare Research Project Clinton Drive PM2.5 Initiatives
40
Reduction of Ozone in Texas