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Up By RootsHealthy Soils and Trees in the
Built Environment
2009 ASLA Honor Award
James Urban, FASLA, ISA
Urban Tree + Soils
Annapolis, Maryland
Urban Soil
and Site
Assessment
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Trees in urban soils often fail, or are
irregular in their growth from tree to
tree.
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Compaction
Water / DrainageToo much / too little
Grading
Fertilizer
Salts
Soil mixing
Texturesand / silt
clay
StructureClumps / clods
peds
NutrientsN P K +
pHAcidity
Reduced
Soil Biology
Organic matterCarbon
Densityweight / volume
pore space
Urban soils
Lim
ited
air
an
d w
ater
m
ove
me
nt
Higher pH
Lower organicmatter
Loss of structure
Profile soil interface
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Rapid and large scale soil
movement and compaction
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Soil Compaction is critical to
engineers building cities. Their
compaction goals are in direct
conflict with tree root
requirements.
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As compaction increases, pore space for water and air
decreases
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There is a decrease in compaction with depth as the compaction
force spread out into the soil in a cone shaped wave.
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Linking Proctor Density to
Bulk Density by soil type
Bulk Density of Different Soils
Maximum soil density and root
limiting density changes with soil
texture.
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Compaction results in massive structure and horizontal peds
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Urban soils are highly disturbed with altered drainage and destroyed soil
structure.
Soil damage is greater if the soil is worked while wet.
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1
5
6
3
4
2
Urban soil profiles - many different soil conditions in small areas.
Increases in
spatial variation
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Dramatic changes over small distances, Do not make assumptions!
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Utilities - Part of the urban
soil profile that severely limit options to improve the soil.
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Remnant Soils – Buried layers of
original soil that can support tree
rooting.
Imported topsoil
Fill soil
Remnant topsoil
Remnant subsoil
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Reduction in soil
rooting volume
Roots follow soil
weak points
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Human induced chemical changes
pH rise
Over fertilization
Salt
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Soil chemical toxicity
Elevated pH
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Salt damage
Air born salt Soil water born salt
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More Soil
Larg
er
Tre
es
20” (500 mm)
Trunk Diameter
1200 CF (34 M3)
Soil Volume20” (500mm)Trunk Diameter
How Much SoilLR
Urban soil conditions result in a
significant reduction in plant usable
soil volume
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Traditional Soil Surveys
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NRCS Soil Surveys
Urban Land Complex
Not described
Read the soil series
descriptions for soil nearest
the site with
similar topography such as
ridges or valleys.
Look for reference soils at or
near site.
1600 soil types!
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Conclusions 3 soil types!
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Non traditional ways to survey urban soil
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Regional geology mapping can give clues
to parent material
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Geotechnical Test Borings
Good information on deep soil
texture, color, and drainage
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Old historic mappingRecent and older aerial
photographs
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Historic photographs and
town histories
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Topographic
Indicators of Past
Disturbance
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Interviews: a good way to get urban soil information
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Adjacent constructions can reveal soil types and issues
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Plants as indicators of soil
differences and problems
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C. Stress responses1. Leaf response
2. Node length and branch extensions
3. Decline and branch dieback
4. Wood growth reduction
5. Compartmentalization
6. Pruning response
Branches
Roots
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Leaf area
root area
balance
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Compare urban tree leaf growth with those from nearby native soils.
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Stressed tree
Poor soilHealthy tree
Good soil
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Decreasing internode distance
causes angular branch growth
as stress increases.
Stressed tree
Poor soil
Healthy tree
Good soil
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Outer branch
loss and
epicomic
branching.
Too little
water or root
damage.
Lower or
interior leaf
loss.
Too much
water.
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Early Fall Color indicating soil
stress
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Soil stress - Lower
yearly trunk diameter
growth.
These trees are the
same age from the
same planting about
100 feet apart.
Size at year of planting
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Soil Test will be required after the initial
non traditional assessment, but the
assessment limits the location for testing.
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Soil probes
and test pits
At some point you need
to start digging, but the
more research you do
the less digging is,
required.
A Dutch auger is the
best option for soil test
pits.
Dutch auger
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Creating a soil profile with a Dutch auger
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Soil interface in profile
Dutch auger Soil
investigations
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Learning to identify basic soil
texture by feel is easy and
critical to identifying problems
and solutions.
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Clayey or silty soils?
Shoe test
Feel test
Truck test
The harder to clean your shoes,
tools, trucks; the greater the % clay
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Find a reference soil in or
near the site that might be
undisturbed.
Under old trees, at
property lines, cemeteries,
parks etc.
Use this to find remnant
soils.
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A BC
C
Planter with and without a remnant soil
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Grey color, poorly
draining soil
Constantly smell the
soil! Sour odor
indicates poor drainage
Interface
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A
B
C E
D
F
G
Bulk Density kit
Tools - Core soil
sampler and
slide hammer
plus other stuff
Core soil sampler and slide hammer
www.benmeadows.com
Soil Compaction testing
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Densiometer
accurate but expensive
Penetrometer
inexpensive but
not accurate
Soil Compaction testing
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Make a soil survey map
Record all the information on a
drawing to show the different soil
types and soil issues
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Lunch break