UNSEENUNIVERSEVERSION(SUBTITLES) REVISED:SEP11,2019

SCENE TIME SCRIPT

TITLES OPENINGTITLES

01:00 UNSEENUNIVERSE

INTRO INTRODUCTION

00:40 Wearecreaturesofsight,alwaystryingtoseefartherandingreaterdetail,exploringthedistantuniversefarbeyondourothersenses.

01:15 Afleetofhugeinstrumentsareourneweyesonthecosmos,tunedtoallthecolorsoflight.Airbornetelescopesscantheheavens.ObservatoriesonhighmountainpeaksstarethroughEarth'sclearskies,andspreadacrossvastdrydeserts,hugetelescopeswatchthesky.Radioearsasbigasafootballstadiumcapturethelowestfrequenciesoflight.

01:53 Anotherradiodevicethesizeofakitchentablediscoveredthatthestarsfirstbegantoshinenearly13billionyearsago,justaftertheuniversebegan.Tocapturesomeofthemostelusiveparticlesburieddetectorsaredeepunderground,evenundertheice,atthesouthpole,attheIceCubeObservatory.

02:35 Whysomanyinstrumentsinsomanydifferentplaces?Becausesomuchishappeningthatwecannotseeweneeddevicestorevealwhatoureyescannot.Theseinstrumentsshowusauniversethatisrealbutnotvisibletooureyes.Weseetheresultofpowerfulforces-nuclear,gravitationalandmagnetic,drivingchangeintheuniverse.

03:09 Thereisacosmicdramaintheheavensabove,withscenesandcharacterswe'veneverseenbefore.It'smagnificent,it'sbeautiful,it'sfascinating,it'sstartling,surprising,enigmatic,andforeverpuzzling.

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03:36 WearephysicallyboundtoEarthbutourvisionhasbeenfreedtoexploreauniverseweneverknewexisted,justwaitingtobediscovered.

03:58 Formillionsofyearsoureyeslimitedourviewtoanarrowbandofelectromagneticradiationwecallvisiblelight.Butmostlightisinvisible.Justinthelast90yearswehavedevelopedinstrumentsthatdetectandtranslatethisinvisiblelightforus.Fromtheshortanddangerousgammarays,tothelongwaveswecallradio.

04:31 Mostofushaveseenoutputofdevicesthatturninfraredheatemissionsandshadowscastbyx-raysintovisiblelightimages.

04:59 SomespacecraftusetargetedradiowavescalledradartoseethroughdensecloudssuchasthehazecoveringSaturn'smoon,Titan.

05:15 We'veusedbothradarandinfraredinstrumentstoseethroughthecloudsofVenus.Theirdatasuggesttheheatsignatureofvolcaniceruptionsonthesurface.

05:46 Wewereoncepuzzledbywhatappearedtobeavastartificialstructuresurroundingastar.ObservationsfromEarthandspacehaveidentifiedtheheatsignatureoforbitingdustparticlesratherthananyformofanaliensphere.

06:11 Inresearchastronomy,theabilityofinfraredtoseethroughdustandgascloudsisamazing.Hiddenobjectsappearclearly.Imagesofthemostdistantandoldestobjectsappearinreddenedhues.ForthisreasonspacetelescopesbeyondHubblewillbetunedforinfraredlight.

06:50 WeneedtelescopesinspacetoseeallcolorsoflightbecauseEarth'satmosphereshieldsusfrommuchoftheincomingradiationsomeofitdangerous.Goodforus,notsoforastronomers.

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07:04 FortunatelytherearesomewindowsthatastronomerscanexploitonEarth.Mountaintopsaremuchpreferredastheairisthinandsometimesquitestable.

07:25 Higherstill,andbetterforsomeinfraredobservations,theSophiaTelescoperidesinamodified747aircraft.

07:41 5000metersabovesealevel,ononeofthedriestplacesonEarth,66giantdishesofESO'sALMATelescopelookattheuniversebetweeninfraredandradiowaves.Ittargetsdense,coldclouds,andregionsofdustwherestarsandplanetarysystemsareforming.Thisamazingimageshowsprotoplanetaryringsaroundayoungstar.Theexplosivedebrisfromastarbirth,andnow,molecularclouds,fuelingagiantgalacticblackhole.

08:27 Tuningoureyestodifferentwavelengthshasrevealedawondrousandmysteriousuniverse.For250years,ourtelescopeswerelikegianteyeglasses.Producingbrighterandsharperimageinvisiblelight.Butwithoutcameras,astronomerscouldsharetheirvisiononlythroughhanddrawings.

08:57 In1840'sIreland,thethirdEarlofRossebuilttheworld'sbiggesttelescopethatgaveunprecedentedviewsoftheheavens.Inhisvividandmostaccuratedrawings.herecordeddetailsneverbeforeseen.inmanymagnificentcelestialobjects.

09:18 IntheconstellationofTaurushefocusedinonatiny,distant,wispyobject.Becauseofitsmanytendrils,hecalledittheCrabNebula,thenamewestillusetoday.Itisamostfascinatingobject.Wenowknowitasthedebrisofanexplodedstar,withanintriguingobjectinitsheart.

09:40 ThegianttelescopeenabledtheEarltoseedeeperintospaceandresolvemoreinformationthananyonebefore,particularlyinthisobjectthathecalledtheWhirlpoolNebula.Thisishisdrawing,andthisistheviewfromtheHubbleSpaceTelescope.Inthe1920'sitwasrealizedthatthiswasagalaxyofbillionsofstarsandlater,thatitwastwogalaxiesincollision.Itturnsoutthatcollisionsandexplosionsarekeystoourunderstandingthefundamentalforcesofnature.

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10:24 Formostofthe20thcentury,weviewedtheuniverseinblackandwhitebecausecolorphotographywasnotscientificallyaccurate.Theninthe1970'sDavidMalin,anAustralianastronomer,usedspecialfiltersandcombinedred,green,andblueimages.Hecreatedthefirstaccuratescientificcolorandrevealedtousthetruesplendorsoftheheavens.

11:05 ThisistheCrabNebulathatwasnamedbytheEarlofRosse.It'sacompositeimageofshellsofexcitedgassesinnon-visualwavelengths.Layerbylayer,wepeelthembackanddiscoverthenebula'ssecret,aneutronstar,moremassivethanourSun,butonlythesizeofacity.it'stheremnantofasupernovaexplosionalmost1000yearsago.

11:32 In1987thebrightestandclosestsupernovain400yearssuddenlyflared.5hoursbefore,flashesoflightweredetectedinahugeundergroundlaboratoryinJapan.Forthefirsttimewehadcapturedelusiveparticlescalledneutrinos,generatedbythecollapseofastar'scoreduringamonumentalnuclearexplosion.Atthismoment,trillionsofneutrinosareharmlesslypassingthroughourbodies.MostwillhavecomefromtheSun,butotherswillhavecomefromexplodinggalaxiesandstars.

12:00 The1987supernovawasabout30timesmoredistantthantheCrab,yetmoderninstrumentshaveallowedustowatchthedramaunfold.Lightappearedfirst,thenwesawtheexplosivedebrisshootthroughspaceilluminatingandlatercollidingwithnearbymaterial.RecentimagesfromtheALMAobservatoryshowadensecentralreddustcloudpossiblyhidinganeutronstarorevenablackhole.

13:12 Ifoureyesviewedtheskyindifferentradiowavelengthswe'dseetheMilkyWayilluminatedbytheglowofcountlessancientsupernovas.Supernovabubbleslitterthescene.

13:25 ThisisthedebrisoftheVelasupernova,whichexploded11,000yearsagoatadistanceof800lightyears.Theexpandingshockwave,100lightyearsacross,createsglowingfilamentsasitcollideswithdarkgasclouds.Eachdothereisnotastarbutagiantactivegalaxywithablackholeatitscenter.

13:57 Theactivegalaxiesaresimilartothisone,CentaurusA,whichistheclosesttousatamere11millionlightyearsaway.Thisisacannibalgalaxy.Thebandofdustacrossthecenterisprobablytheremnantsofitslastgalacticmeal.Warmdustsurroundsitsheart,andradioimagesexposethefeedingfrenzyofanenormous,centralblackhole,55milliontimesmoremassivethanourSun.

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14:40 MostgalaxieshavecentralblackholesincludingourownMilkyWay.TheFermiSpaceObservatorydiscoveredhugelobesofgammaradiationextending25,000lightyearsfromthecenterofourMilkyWay.Itscentralmassiveblackholehadahugefeastabout9millionyearsagoandtheseFermibubblesarethecosmicleftovers.

15:04 AstronomersuseESO'sgiantChileantelescopestopenetratetheobscuringdustinthegalacticcenter.Hugestarsmovingatover400,000kilometersswirlaroundaninvisibleobject.Ablackhole?

15:26 In2017,aconsortiumoftelescopesusingradioandotherwavelengthscombinedtomakeaninstrumentthesizeoftheEarth.Theirtask,toimagetheblackholeinourgalaxy,andanotherintheM87galaxy.Thecomputationswouldtakeyears.

15:44 Justayearearlier,in2016,itwasannouncedthatapairoforbitingblackholeswhichhadcollidedoverabillionyearsago.hadfinallymadetheirpresencefelt.Inafractionofasecondabout3timesthemassoftheSunhadbeenconvertedintogravitationalwaves.For1.3billionyears,thosewavestraversedtheuniverseripplingspace-timeitself.

16:13 Foryearsastronomershadtriedtodetectsuchwavesandhadjustcompletedasystemoflaser-basedobservatories,LIGOandVirgo.Ourplanetslightlytrembledasthespace-timewarppassedby,andthedelicatedetectorsresponded,provingtheeffectivenessofthisnewwaytoobservetheuniverse.

16:41 OnthemorningofAugust17,2017,theFermiGammaRayTelescopepickedupapulseofhighenergylightfromapowerfulexplosion130millionlightyearsawaytwotiny,butmassive,neutronstarswerespiralingtotheirdoom,producinggravitationwavesastheyswirled.Secondsearlier,LIGOhaddetectedandthennarroweddowntheregionwherethesourcewouldbefound.70observatorieson7continentsandinspaceturnedtocapturethisobservable"kilonova".Observationsinwavelengthsfromgammawavestoradiowaveslocatedthesourceoftheintensegravitywaves.

17:37 Theslowlycoolingfireballofhotdebriswithaprobableblackhole,becameaperfecttargetforallthenewinstrumentsastronomershadbeenconstructingfordecades.Multi-messengerastronomywasborn-possiblythegreatestadvancesinceGalileoturnedhistelescopetotheskyin1610.

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18:03 Follow-upstudiesoftheglowing,butfading,fireballrevealednewelementsbeingcreated.Thecataclysmickilonovaproducedmysteriousshortgamma-rayburstsaswellastheheaviest,andmostpreciouselementsintheuniverse.Weestimatethatthiskilonovacreatedenoughgoldtomake3puregoldplanetsthesizeoftheEarth.

18:37 Thenafewweekslateranothereventbroughttogethermanydifferentobservatories.IceCube'sdetectorsattheSouthPolecaughtahighenergyneutrino.Itsundisturbedpathpointedtothecoreofagalaxybillionsoflightyearsaway.

18:51 Avarietyoftelescopescaughttheaction.Ajetofhighenergyparticlesfromafeedingsuper-massiveblackhole,waspointeddirectlyatEarth.Thisjetexpelsmanyextremelyhighenergycosmicparticlesmakingourownparticleacceleratorsseemquitepuny.

19:19 Thelargestofourparticledetectors,calledtheLargeHadronCollider,isburiedhundredsofmetersbelowgroundontheborderofFranceandSwitzerland.

19:31 Inside,thevastcirculartunnel,thebeamlines,andanamazingarrayofsuperconductingmagnetscontrolthefastmovingparticles.Herethebuildingblocksofmatteraremagneticallyfocusedintoopposingbeamsandacceleratedtonearlightspeeds.Particlesmustcollideinsideamassivecamera.Thisconcentrationofenergyrecreatestheconditionsabout1millionthofasecondaftertheBigBangandofthebirthoftheuniverse.

20:08 It'sironicthatweneedthisgiganticmachinetostudythesmallestparticlesknowntoexist.Makingthemachinesandcreatingthecollisionsaretheeasypart.Understandingthefundamentalstructureofmatteranddiscoveringthesecretsoftimeandspacearesomethingelse.

20:32 We'reenteringanamazingnewage,ofexplorationandunderstanding.Revolutionarygianttelescopesareunderconstruction.Theydwarfanythingwehavebuiltsofar.Supercomputerslinkclusteroftelescopescontinentsapart.Ingeniousdesignsallowustoviewtheheavenswithsuperhumansightandaccuracy.

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21:32 Inspace,theEuropeanGAIAspacecraftwithits1billionpixelcamerahasproducedthisamazingimageofourMilkyWaygalaxyandhasaccuratelymappedover1.7billionstars.Comparethisnumberwiththe9,000brightstarsthatwecanobservedirectly.HereweseestarsshiftingpositionthenearestmovingmoreasweorbittheSun.

22:07 Nowtheinterstellardustthatfillsthegalaxy.

22:20 Eachdotisarealstar,orbitingthegalacticcenter.Thisisnotaflightoffancy,butanexcursionthroughthousandsofactualstars.Atruestartrek,thankstoGAIA.

22:41 Withamirror3timeswiderthantheHubble's,andhundredsoftimesmoresensitiveintheinfrared,theJamesWebbTelescopelaunchesinthe2020's.

22:53 WenowhavethefirstresultsfromtheEarth-sizedconsortiumoftelescopes.Forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofmankind,theshadowofablackholehasbeenimaged.Itishardtocomprehendtheimportanceofthissingleimage.Undoubtedlyoneofthemostsignificantinastronomicalhistory.

23:13 Theblackholeissilhouettedbysuper-heatedgasspinningarounditabout1000timesmoremassivethantheoneinourMilkyWay.It'sinthecenterofthegalaxyM87,about50millionlightyearsdistant,Agasjet5000lightyearslongpointsdirectlytoit.We'relookingattheeventhorizon.Onceanymatterreachestheeventhorizon...it'sgone.Butasmaterialapproachestheeventhorizon,itgreatlyspeedsup,andemitsenergythatwecandetect.

23:48 Itwillbeawhilebeforetelescopesgiveusaviewasdetailedasthisanimation,butthedatawedohaveallowustomodelhowlightandmatterbehavenearamassiveblackhole.Justover100yearssinceEinstein'stheoriespredictedblackholes,wehaveseentheunseeable,andthefirstdirectvisualproofoftheirexistence.

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24:12 Astronomerswiththeirneweyesarerealizingthatthesefantasticgravitationalengineshaveplayedavitalroleintheevolutionoftheuniverse,andourselves.

CREDITS ENDINGCREDITS

24:34 DEDICATEDTOTHEMEMORYOFSTEPHENHAWKINGCHCBEFRSFRSA1942-2018

ExecutiveProducer KirkJohnson

Director TerenceMurtagh

Script TerenceMurtaghCarolynSumners

Narrator JohnBillingsley

ESOLiaison LarsLindberghChristensen

GRAPHICS

DD4SKYART DonDavis

ESO LuisCalcada

Evans&Sutherland KenarlsonMartySisam

Digistar6Renders KarenKlamczynskiBrianMoore

HoustonMuseumofNaturalScience

AdamBarnesTonyButterfield

M42Multi-WavelengthFlight SpaceTelescopeScienceInstituteCcaltech/IPAC

MIRAGE3d3608KLIVE-ACTIONFILMING

Camera RobinSipChristiaanDaniëlWouda

Compositing ChristiaanDaniëlWoudaMarijnKuipersManoliTsigonakis

PostProduction BryceBuchanan

AdministrativeSupport JennDavis

MUSICANDSOUNDRECORDING

OriginalMusicScore ChanceThomas

MusicScorePerformedby TheUtahFilmOrchestra

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Conductor JuddMaher

EngineeringandMix GlenNiebaur

OrchestraContract JennSprague

SoundDesignandEffects MichaelMcDonough

EVANSANDSUTHERLANDTHANKSTHEFOLLOWINGINDIVIDUALS,RESEARCHINSTITUTESANDOBSERVATORIESWHOSEASSISTANCEMADETHISPRODUCTIONPOSSIBLE

EuropeanSpaceAgencyGaiaMissionSOFIAInfraredObservatoryPicduMidiObservatory,Pyrenees,FranceEuropeanSouthernObservatoryMurchisonNeutrinoObservatory,AustraliaKamiokandeNeutrinoObservatory,JapanIceCubeSouthPoleNeutrinoObservatoryJAXAJapaneseAerospaceExplorationAgencyNASAJamesWebbTelescopeESOAlmaObservatory(ESO,NAOJ,NRAO)ESOParanalObservatoryLordandLadyRosse,BirrCastle,IrelandGrainneO’MalleyBirrCastleGardensandScienceCentreNickRisingerNatashaHurley-Walker(Curtin/ICRAR)andtheGLEAMTeam,AustraliaRobertGendlerNASASpitzerandChandraSpaceTelescopesEventHorizonTelescope(APEX/ALMA/IRAM/SPT/JCMT/LMT/SMA/SMT)BlackHoleCamLIGOGravitationalWaveObservatories,USAVirgoGravitationalWaveObservatory,ItalySouthAfricanRadioObservatoryMeerKATArrayCERNLargeHadronColliderPeterMcCready

Copyright 2019Evans&Sutherland

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