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2
Unsealed and Sealed Low Volume Road Technology in South Africa
TRB WORKSHOP 153SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICE
Dr Phil Paige-GreenFellow
CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria
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Introduction
• South Africa still has many kilometers of unsealed road (>75% of proclaimed road network)
• Many of these are “low volume”• Their condition and passability
have significant impact on local economic development
• Earth and gravel roads are environmentally unsustainable
• Cost of traditional paved roads makes upgrading uneconomic
• Need to be more innovative
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Scope
• Summarise recent developments
• Unsealed roads• Specification• Performance modelling• Implementation
• Sealed low volume roads• Effect of environment• Specification and design• Warrants for upgrading• Construction issues
• Seals covered in next presentation
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Unsealed roads
• Mostly start as earth roads• Imported selected gravel is first improvement• Must comply with certain requirements
• Have sufficient cohesion to resist raveling and erosion;• Have a particle size distribution that facilitates a tight interlock of
the individual material particles, and• Have sufficient strength to support the applied traffic loads without
significant plastic deformation
• Deficiencies result in• Increased maintenance costs• Poorer functionality• Higher road user costs
• During the 1980s and 1990’s, we developed performance-related specifications
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37,5< 5 %100 - 365 16 - 34> 15 %20 – 65
Maximum size (mm)Oversize index (Io)Shrinkage product (Sp)Grading coefficient (Gc) CBR (at 95 % AASHTO T180)Treton impact value (%)
Specifications
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0
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Grading Coefficient
Shr
inka
ge P
rodu
ct
D Slippery
AErodible
CRavels
EGood
BCorrugates and ravels
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MODELLING AND PREDICTION
Deterioration models have been developed for South Africa
Gravel Loss = f (time, traffic, materials, climate)
Rate of Roughness progression = f (time, traffic, materials, climate and season)
Roughness after blading = f (traffic, materials and roughness before blading)
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Stoniness
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Unsealed road materials
• Specs implemented slowly
• Generally successful
• Performance greatly improved
• Good material selection and construction
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Page 12 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za
Slow Roughness Deterioration(No Maintenance section)
MR270: km32 - 32.5: Roughness Deterioration (Model vs. Actual)
0
50
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Years since construction
Rid
ing
Qu
alit
y (Q
I)
HDM4 - No blading Actual QI TRH20: No Blading
AADT = 66, 17% heavy
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Other important issues• Proper compaction
• Wet• Refusal
• Quality control• More not less
• Material loss• Dust• Erosion
• Proprietary stabilizers• Sustainability
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Sealed low volume roads
• Irrespective of material and maintenance quality, unsealed roads are not sustainable
• We can’t keep replacing material indefinitely
• Many local (even in situ) materials are suitable as structural layers in paved roads
• Require a protective seal• Usually bituminous – could
be concrete or blocks
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Environment
• Various research projects in SA carried out recently• Performance dictated by environment more than traffic
• Moisture regimes• Material moisture susceptibility• Drainage conditions
TRL, 1999
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Pavement structure for sealed roads
• Gravel wearing course material is seldom suitable for road base• Look at in situ materials - may be suitable for base (not wearing
course) • Traffic moulding must not be underestimated• Minimise disturbance of existing road structure
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South African experience
• Investigated and monitored 57 light pavement structures between 1989 and 1994
• Material properties, environment, traffic, performance• Typical example
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Example of SLVR
Road in the Eastern Cape sealed in 1977 and had the following base properties (in 1991)
PI = 9 – 10
P075 = 14 – 16
CBR @ 100%Mod = 56 – 67
300 vpd (6 ESALs / d)
Now (2006) 29 years old –3.2 m light and 60 000 ESALs
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Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) profiles
IWT (DSN 800 = 85)
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General Findings from Investigation
• Existing specification requirements far too strict
• Especially CBR and PI
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0
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CB
R a
t 1
00
% M
od
AA
SH
TO
de
nsi
ty (
%)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Rated performanceExcellent Very poor
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pla
stic
ity in
dex
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Rated performance
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• Determined using DCP � “CBR”• Must consider in situ density and moisture content• Also, moisture content seasonally variable• Compare with pavement design diagram (in situ)
Design using in situ strength
CBR (%)
DN (mm/bl)
DEPTH(mm)
0
150
300
450
600
750
1 10 100
110 23 1
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CBR (%)
DN (mm/bl)
DEPTH(mm)
0
150
300
450
600
750
1 10 100
110 23 1
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Understand the materials• Need to understand moisture/density/strength
relationships• Results obtained from MDD/OMC testing
6060
42 25
27
106
137 9220
6
13
25
62168
162
9
122869
8147
4986
88
40
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Moisture (%)
Dry
den
sity
(kg
/m3)
JF2
JF3
JF4
B1
B2
5
131
73
152
79
2520
11
81
42
32
2 4
4344
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1600 1800 2000 2200
Dry density (kg/m3)
CB
R (
%)
JF2
JF3
JF4
B1
B2
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Structural adequacy• We typically use linear elastic theory in mechanistic
analyses• In practice non linear (y = (mx + a)(1 - e–bx))• Rutting functional more than structural problem on LVR• Cumulative deformation – not forever ?• Contact stresses of 300 kPa more common on LVR than
normal 700 - 1000 kPa used in design
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HVS testing
• “Superlight” pavement (150 mm weathered granite or ferricrete on in situ) with bituminous/tar surface spray
• Various layers of old wearing course• 9 test sections
• Dual wheel load 20 – 70 kN• Tire inflation pressure 420 – 720 kPa• Moisture (4.5 to 1.0 % below OMC)• Repetitions 2000 – 800 000• Wandering and channelized trafficking
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DRY
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WET
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HVS testing
• Fitting of non-linear model produced r2 of 0.8 to 0.99
• However, water was critical
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Priming
• Very important• Use a low viscosity prime• Penetration increases
strength of upper portion
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Drainage
• Critical• Unsealed shoulders
• Good shape• Regular maintenance
• Sealed shoulders• Optimum• Beware “attracted” traffic
• Side drains• � 450 mm below crown• Good mitre drains• NB Maintenance
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Economic analysis
• Useful to confirm viability of upgrade• Full life cycle cost analyses• Financial
• Construction• Maintenance
• Economic• Vehicle operating costs• Time• Safety• Environmental• Social• Sustainability
• Environmental, social and sustainability costs/benefits difficult to quantify• Breakeven
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Conclusions
• We have made significant recent advances in unsealed road design and construction
• Unsealed roads are not sustainable in the long term• We have to make their upgrading to low volume sealed
roads more affordable • Many innovations are available for this• However, these roads probably need more engineering
input (experience and judgment) than for a “recipe” design• Attempted to provide some “food for thought” based on
recent experiences in southern Africa
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THANK YOU