UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD
FK 2015 177
MINIATURIZATION OF UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA
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MINIATURIZATION OF UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA
By
NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science
January 2015
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Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
MINIATURIZATION OF UHF RFID TAG ANTENNA
By
NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD
January 2015
Chair: Assoc. Prof. Alyani Binti Ismail, PhD
Faculty: Engineering
The main aim of this research is to reduce the size of RFID tag antenna using several
miniaturization techniques. The tag antenna comprises of meandered lines and
capacitive – tip loading integrated with two square split – ring resonators (S – SRRs). It
was simulated using 3D full – wave electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave Studio
2013) on FR4 epoxy substrate with the dielectric constant of 4.4, the loss tangent of
0.02 and the thickness of 1.53 mm. The UHF RFID chip used in this design was
MURATA RFID Magicstrap LXMS31ACNA-010 chip with the impedance of 12 –
j106.3 Ω at 921 MHz. The antenna has been designed to cover the frequency range in Malaysia, 919 MHz to 923 MHz. A parametric study of the proposed tag antenna was
carried out in order to optimize the main effected parameters. The performance of the
proposed tag were analysed in terms of return loss, antenna gain and maximum
readable range. As compared to other passive UHF RFID tag antenna it is found that
the size of antenna has achieved 61% reduction in size. It occupies the volume of 48 ×
22 × 1.53 mm3. The measured read range of the proposed tag antenna is 4.60 m. Details
of the proposed tag antenna design and measurement results are presented and
discussed.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Sains
PENGECILAN UHF RFID ANTENA LABEL
Oleh
NOR HIDAYAH BINTI DAUD
Januari 2015
Pengerusi: Prof. Madya Alyani Binti Ismail, PhD
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Tujuan utama penyelidikan ini dilakukan adalah mengenai proses pengurangan saiz
antena label menggunakan beberapa teknik pengecilan. Antena label yang dicadangkan
mengandungi dipol yang mempunyai garis lenturan dan kemuatan hujung yang
berintegrasi dengan dua struktur square split – ring resonators (S – SRRs). Ia
disimulasi menggunakan 3D full – wave electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave
Studio 2013) di atas substratum epoksi FR4 dengan pemalar dielektrik bernilai 4.4,
kehilangan tangent sebanyak 0.02 dan ketebalan bernilai 1.53 mm. UHF RFID cip yang
digunakan di dalam rekabentuk ini adalah cip MURATA RFID Magicstrap LXMS31ACNA-010 dengan galangan 12 – j106.3 Ω pada 921 MHz. Antena label yang
dicadangkan di rekabentuk meliputi keseluruhan julat frekuensi di Malaysia, 919 MHz
kepada 923 MHz. Kajian parametric kepada antena yang dicadangkan telah di bawa
bersama dalam mengoptimis kesan parameter yang utama. Prestasi terhadap antena
yang dicadangkan dianalisis dari segi return loss, gandaan antenna dan julat bacaan
yang maksimum. Jika dibandingkan dengan UHF RFID antena label yang lain, didapati
bahawa saiz antena yang dicadangkan telah mecapai kadar pengurangan saiz sebanyak
61%. Ia mencapai isipadu 48 × 22 × 1.53 mm3. Pengukuran bacaan julat kepada antena
yang dicadangkan ialah 4.60 m. Lanjut mengenai rekabentuk antena yang dicadangkan
dikaji secara terperinci dan keputusan pengukuran dibentangkan dan dibincang.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. May Allah‘s peace and blessing be
upon our Beloved Prophet Muhammad who was a mercy unto us from Allah S.W.T.,
who character and notability none has seen before or after Him (S.A.W.). All praise is due to Allah S.W.T. for giving me a chance in completing my Master degree in
Universiti Putra Malaysia.
This report could not have been written without the help of a number of people. They
have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I would like to
take this opportunity to gives special thanks to my beloved parents for being supportive
persons to me in finishing my research. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus
far. I also appreciate my brothers and my beloved sister for their love, prayers and
invaluable assistance provided throughout my research studies. Words cannot express
how grateful I am.
I would like to thank to my main research supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Alyani
Ismail for her tireless effort, helpful discussion, guidance, critics and supportive
comments. Without her continued support and interest, this thesis would not have been
the same as presented here. I would like to express my profound gratitude and deep
regards to my committee members, Associate Professor Dr. Aduwati Sali and Associate
Professor Dr. Mohd Fadlee A. Rasid for their full support and guidance. Thanks for
reviewing my Master work.
Finally, I would like to express sincere appreciation to my fellow friends in Wireless
Laboratory (Level 4) for their help, friendship, encouragement and love. The help and
support for all people as presented above are acknowledged gratefully. May Allah
S.W.T. make all our intentions sincere for His pleasure alone Amin.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 30 January 2015 to conduct
the final examination of Nor Hidayah binti Daud on her thesis entitled ―Miniaturization
of UHF RFID Tag Antenna‖ in accordance with the Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106]
15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of
Science.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Shaiful Jahari Bin Hashim, PhD
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Roslina Binti Mohd Sidek, PhD
Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Sharul Kamal Bin Abdul Rahim, PhD
Professor Ir.
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Malaysia
(External Examiner)
ZULKARNAIN ZAINAL, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 13 May 2015
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Alyani Binti Ismail, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Aduwati Binti Sali, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Mohd Fadlee Bin A. Rasid, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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Declaration by graduate student
I hereby confirm that:
this thesis is my original work;
quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced;
this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other degree
at any other institutions;
intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-owned by
Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of Deputy
Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in the form
of written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals, modules,
proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers, manuscripts, posters, reports,
lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials as stated in the Universiti
Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;
there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, and scholarly
integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate
Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarism detection software.
Signature: ________________________ Date: __________________
Name and Matric No.: _________________________________________
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Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee
This is to confirm that:
the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under our supervision;
supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Graduate
Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013)are adhered to.
Signature:
Name of Chairman of
Supervisory
Committee:
Signature:
Name of Member of
Supervisory
Committee:
Signature:
Name of Member of
Supervisory
Committee:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT i
ABSTRAK ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
APPROVAL v
DECLARATION vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Scope of Research 3
1.5 Overview of Research Methodology 4
1.6 Organization of the Thesis 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Background of RFID 6
2.3 Principles of Operation 7
2.3.1 Active RFID System 7
2.3.2 Passive RFID System 8
2.3.3 Semi – passive RFID System 8
2.4 Frequencies Operations 9
2.5 Antenna Types 10
2.6 Miniaturization Techniques 10
2.6.1 Meandering Method 12
2.6.2 Capacitive – Tip Loading Technique 12
2.6.3 Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) Structure 14
2.6.4 Inverted – F Structure 14
2.6.5 Fractal Antenna 15
2.7 Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chips 16
2.8 Tag Antenna Requirements 16
2.8.1 Gain 16
2.8.2 Radiation Pattern 16
2.8.3 Half – power Beamwidth 17
2.8.4 Bandwidth 17
2.8.5 Polarization (Tag Orientation) 17
2.9 Material and Cost 18
2.10 Fabrication Process 19
2.11 Impedance Measurement on the UHF RFID Tag Antenna 20
2.11.1 Impedance Matching 21
2.11.2 Power Reflection Coefficient (PRC) 22
2.11.3 Smith Chart 24
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2.12 Read Range Measurement 24
2.12.1 Theoretical Read Range 25
2.12.2 Measurement Read Range 26
2.13 Current Research about the RFID 26
2.13.1 Meandered Patch Antenna 27
2.13.2 Low-Profile Meandered Patch Antennas 28
2.13.3 Meander Dipole with HIS (High Impedance
Surface) Substrate
29
2.13.4 Compact Fractal Dipole for bi-band RFID
Application
30
2.13.5 Design of Label – Typed Tag Antenna for
Metallic Object
30
2.13.6 Metal Mount Compact Microstrip RFID Tag 31
2.13.7 Meander Line Antenna (MLA) 31
2.13.8 Planar Wideband Inductively Coupled Feed
Patch Antenna
32
2.13.9 Compact Strip Dipole Coupled Split-Ring Resonator Antenna
33
2.14 Summary of Literature Review 34
2.15 Summary 34
3 METHODOLOGY 35
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Measurement on the Proposed Tag Antenna using Test
Fixture
37
3.2.1 Impedance Measurement 39
3.2.2 Test Fixture 41
3.3 Read Range Measurement 44
3.4 Antenna Design 47
3.5 Summary 47
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 48
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Dipole Antenna with Meandering Technique 48
4.2.1 Design and Analysis on Different Numbers of
Bending, n
51
4.2.2 Design and Analysis on the Proposed Meander
Line Antenna
56
4.3 Dipole Antenna with Meandering and Capacitive Tip –
Loading Techniques
57
4.3.1 Simulation Results 60
4.3.2 Measurement Results using Vector Network
Analyzer (VNA)
64
4.3.3 Read Range Measurement 65
4.4 Integration of Square Split Ring Resonators (S-SRRs) to
UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Size Reduction
66
4.4.1 Simulation Results 72
4.4.2 Measurement Results 75
4.4.3 Read Range Measurement 76
4.5 Summary 78
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5 CONCLUSIONS, CONTRIBUTIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
79
5.1 Conclusions 79
5.2 Contributions 80
5.3 Recommendations for Future Works 80
REFERENCES 89
APPENDICES 91
BIODATA OF STUDENT 92
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 93
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
2.1 RFID operating frequencies 9
2.3 Summary of previously reported designed on RFID tag antenna 34 4.1 Antenna parameters for n = 1 49
4.2 Antenna parameters for n = 2 50
4.3 Antenna parameters for n = 3 50
4.4 Antenna dimensions 52
4.5 Dimensions of meandered dipole tag antenna 57
4.6 Simulated and measured on half – power bandwidth of the tag
antenna
62
4.7 Measured gain (dBi) of the tag antenna 65
4.8 Dimensions of meandered dipole tag antenna 66
4.9 Simulated and measured on half – power bandwidth of the tag
antenna
74
4.10 Measured gain (dBi) of the tag antenna 76
4.11 Comparison between the proposed tag and previously reported
designed
78
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1.1 Flow Chart of the Design Process UHF RFID Tag Antenna 4
2.1 System Components in RFID 6 2.2 RFID System Operations. The backscattered signal is modulated by
changes in chip impedance Zc
8
2.3 Half – Wavelength Dipole Antenna 10
2.4 A Meandered Antenna with Reduced Projected Length 11
2.5 Series Matched Equivalent Circuit of the Dipole Antenna 12
2.6 Various Types‘ Antenna Structure With Capacitive Tip – Loading (A)
Meander Lines With Capacitive –Tip Loading (b) Wire Antenna
Loaded With Tip- Loading (c) Resonant Dipole With Differing Line
widths (d) Bow – Tie Dipole Antenna
12
2.7 (a) Layout of Circular SRR (c) Equivalent Circuit Model of SRR 14
2.8 (a) F-shaped printed monopole antenna (b) Fabricated planar inverted – F antenna (PIFA)
14
2.9 Different fractal curves (a) Koch (b) Sierpinski, (c) ‗tree‘, (d)
‗cuboid‘, (e) ‗log-periodic‘, (f) Minkowski
15
2.10 Two-Port Measurement Jig 20
2.11 Measuring the Dipole Antenna 20
2.12 RFID Transponder Equivalent Circuit 21
2.13 Generator – Load Circuit with Two Complex Impedances 22
2.14 Smith Chart Curve 23
2.15 Complex Power Wave Reflection Coefficient 24
2.16 Antenna Impedance Chip Impedance and Range for a Typical RFID
Tag
26
2.17
(a) Array Antenna Fed by Two Quarter -Wavelength Microstrip Lines Without Matching Stubs (b) Array Antenna Fed by Two Quarter-
Wavelength Microstrip Lines with Two Matching Stubs
27
2.18 (a) Geometries of the Four Elements Proposed Meandered Patch
Antennas (b) Structure of the Fabricated Antenna Designed
28
2.19 The Structure of RFID Tag Antenna (a) Dipole-Type Antenna
Structure (b) HIS Structure (c) Cross Sectional View RFID Tag
Antenna
29
2.20 Geometry of Presented Tag (a) Top View. (b) Cross-Sectional View 30
2.21 Geometry of Presented Tag 30
2.22 Configuration of the Presented Compact Microstrip Tag Antenna 31
2.23 (a) Structure of Antenna Designed (b) Photo of Fabricated Antenna Designed
31
2.24 Antenna Geometry (a) Top View (b) Proposed Wideband Antenna 32
2.25 (a) Structure of Antenna Designed (b) Enlarged Plot of the Central
Part of Strip Dipole with Strap of the Chip Attached
33
3.1 Design Process of Proposed Tag Antenna 36
3.2 (a) Two-Port Impedance Model of an Antenna and Feed (b) Layout of
a dipole antenna and its impedances
38
3.3 (a) Test fixture without antenna under test (AUT) (b) Test fixture with
antenna under test (AUT)
39
3.4 Construction on the Measurement Setup 40
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3.5 Flow Chart for Measuring the Tag Antenna using Test Fixture 41
3.6 Types of Installation (a) Vertical (b) Horizontal 42
3.7 (a) Vertical Installation to Measure Maximum Read Range of the
Proposed Tag Antenna (b) Reader Antenna
42
3.8 Measurement Setup to Measure Maximum Read Range of the
Proposed Tag Antenna
43
3.9 Operation Procedures for Read Range Measurement 44
3.10 Meander Lines (a) n = 1 (b) n = 2 (c) n = 3 45
3.11 Meander Lines with Capacitive – Tip Loading Method 46
3.12 Square Split –Ring Resonators Structure (S – SRRs) 47
4.1 Prototype of Meander Lines when n = 1 49
4.2 Prototype of Meander Lines when n = 2 50
4.3 Prototype of Meander Lines when n = 3 50
4.4 Simulated Results of S11 with Various Meander Lines, n 51
4.5 Structure of the Meandered Dipole Antenna with n = 2 51
4.6 Side View of Meander Line n = 2 of the Dipole Tag Antenna 51
4.7 Simulated Results of Various Parameters g0 52 4.8 Simulated Results of Various Parameters s 53
4.9 Simulated S11 (dB) of the Tag Antenna with n = 2 54
4.10 Simulated Input Impedance of the Proposed Tag Antenna in Wide
Frequency Range
54
4.11 Simulated Input Impedance of the Proposed Tag Antenna from 840
MHz to 960 MHz
55
4.12 (a) Simulated Gain. Radiation Pattern (b) H– Plane (c) E– Plane 56
4.13 Prototype Designed on the UHF RFID Tag 56
4.14 Side View of Single – Sided Meander Dipole Tag Antenna 57
4.15 Simulated Results of Various Parameters a 58
4.16 Simulated Results of Various Parameters b 58
4.17 Simulated S11 (dB) of the Tag Antenna without S – SRR structure 59 4.18 (a) Simulated Gain. Radiation Pattern (b) H– Plane (c) E– Plane 60
4.19 (a) Photograph of the Fabricated RFID Tag (b) Photograph of the
Front and Back Plane of FR4 Substrate
60
4.20 Measurement Setup on the Tag Antenna 61
4.21 Power Reflection Coefficient (PRC) for Simulated And Measured
Results
62
4.22 Simulated Impedance of Proposed Tag Antenna in a Region of
Interest
63
4.23 Power Reflection Coefficient, 𝑠 2 for Simulated and Measured Results
64
4.24 Prototype of the Meandered Dipole Antenna with Capacitive – Tip
Loading Designed
65
4.25 Prototype of the Square Split – Ring Resonators (S-SRRs) 66 4.26 Side View of Double – Sided Meander Dipole Tag Antenna 66
4.27 Simulated Results of Various Parameters s1 67
4.28 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gd 68
4.29 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gw 68
4.30 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gi 69
4.31 Simulated Results of Various Parameters gs 69
4.32 Simulated Results of S11 with and without SRR Structure 70
4.33 Simulated S11 (dB) of the Tag Antenna with S – SRR structure 71
4.34 (a) Simulated Gain. Radiation Pattern (b) H – Plane (c) E – Plane 71
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4.35 Radiation Pattern of Proposed Tag Antenna with and without Loading
of SRR Structure (a) H – Plane (b) E– Plane
72
4.36 (a) Fabricated tag antenna (b) Top and bottom layer of fabricated tag
antenna
72
4.37 Measurement Setup on the Tag Antenna 73
4.38 Power Reflection Coefficient (PRC) for Simulated and Measured Results
74
4.39 Simulated and Measured Results of the Impedance (Ω) 75
4.40 Power Reflection Coefficient, 𝑠 2 for Simulated and Measured Results
75
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
AUT Antenna Under Test
CST Computer Simulation Technology
FR4 Flame Retardant 4
EAS Electronic Article Surveillance
EPC Electronic Product Code
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FCC Federal Communications Commission
GHz Gigahertz
HF High Frequency
HPBW Half-Power Beamwidths
IC Integrated Circuit
ISM Industrial-Scientific-Medical
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LCP Liquid Crystal Polymer
LOS Line – of – sight
LF Low Frequency
LH Left – Handed MCMC Malaysian Communications and Multimedia
Commission
MHz Megahertz
MLA Meander Line Antenna
MTMs Metamaterials
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
PRC Power Reflection Coefficient
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
RF Radio Frequency
RFID Radio Frequency Identification SHF Super High Frequency
SMA SubMiniature version A
SRD Short Range Devices
SRR Split-Ring Resonators
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UPC Universal Product Code
UV Ultra Violet
VNA Vector Network Analyzer
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Radio frequency identification, or simply known as RFID, is a method of automatic
identification. The continuous research on RFID grows rapidly in recent years. The era
of RFID technology has been explored as direct consequences from the radio and radar
development. The United Kingdom has applied the RFID during the Second World
War to differentiate between the English and German airplane. In 1980, the RFID
technology entered the new phase in the improvement of tracking system and
exploration of application in manufacturing and other environments. The RFID was
applied by the United States in electronic toll collection technology. This is occurred in the year 1991, in the Oklahoma City, where the world‘s first highway electronic tolling
system was opened. Nowadays, RFID system is widely used in different area like
security system, animal tracking, chain management and many more (Uddin et al.,
2009; Want, 2006; Sanjay et al., 2003; Landt, 2001).
Tag antenna should also be low cost, small in size, have good impedance matching and
insensitive to the attached objects to keep performance consistent. Meanwhile, omni
directionality of the tag antenna is preferred to ensure the identification ideally radiate
from all directions (Curty et al., 2007). There are several techniques to reduce the
dimensions of conventional antennas. Meandering, folding, and bending are techniques
for antenna miniaturization, are widely used in the literature (Tirado-Mendez et al,
2013).
However, the application of RFID tag antenna using square split – ring resonators (S –
SRRs) was found to be another alternative to the miniaturization technique (Bazrkar,
2012; Ferdous et al., 2012; Booket, 2011; Dacuna and Pous, 2007). The process of
miniaturization of RFID tag was commonly conducted using parametric studies and
optimization of main effected parameters. Thus, further studies to reduce the physical
size of the radiating elements in wire antennas using effective techniques are needed to
be explored for the miniaturization of tag antenna.
1.2 Problem Statement
Performances of an RFID tag depend on the properties of the antenna. The tag antenna
must fulfill the requirements such as the antenna must be robust, longer read range, low
cost and small enough to be attached to the required object. In addition to that, the tag
antenna should be in omnidirectional and provide a maximum possible signal to the
application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (Aivazis et al., 2011; Koski et al., 2011;
Laran RFID, 2004; Qing and Yang, 2004; Foster and Burberry, 1999).
To enhance the performance characteristics of the tag antenna, researchers have
modified the conventional dipole structure using numerous techniques. Several
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approaches have been done in an attempt to reduce the tag size. Some articles have
sought achieving improved gains and small size by using different configurations of
miniaturization method. Existing literatures provide several techniques for reducing the
tag size (Mehrparvar et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2010).
The most common method used by the researchers to reduce the tag antenna is by
meandering method. Even though the meandering method showed its capability in reduction size of antenna, there were some disadvantages related to it. It produced low
radiation efficiency, narrow bandwidth and not capable to operate at multiband
frequencies (Faudzi et al., 2013a; Faudzi et al., 2013b; Jahanbakshi et al., 2012; Hu et
al., 2011; Dobkin, 2008). The used of capacitive tip loading provide a satisfactory
reduction in size and contribute in improving the gain. It can be done through formation
of a large structure at the end of the dipole antenna (Faudzi et al., 2013a; Faudzi et al.,
2013b; Hu et al., 2011; Ghiotto et al., 2010; Im et al., 2009; Dobkin, 2008). However,
the capacitive tip loading does not contribute in improving the gain significantly due to
size limitations.
Besides, the use of fractal geometries is also capable in reducing the size of RFID tag (Aivazis et al., 2012 and Manjibhai et al., 2012). Their applicability to RFID tags is
good promising, even though the theory behind fractal antennas is quite complex. The
geometries of fractal shapes were generated in iterative patterns. Nevertheless, the
fractal antennas have several drawbacks which include loss in gain, very complex and
degrade the antenna parameters after a few iterations. Another method to reduce the tag
size is using the planar inverted – F antenna (PIFA). It has a high gain but the size of
the antenna becomes large due to the additional ground plane (Kim et al., 2011; Kim
and Choi, 2010; Chen et al. 2010a; Uddin et al., 2009; Marroco, 2008).
In Malaysia, RFID industry had grown since year 2005. The operating frequency for
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has a range which varies from 919 MHz – 923
MHz. The permissible frequency allocation in Malaysia has been controlled by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) (Minan, 2007).
Nowadays, there are a lot of works done in miniaturizing the RFID tag antenna based
on operating frequency in Malaysia (Faudzi et al., 2013a and Tan & Ismail, 2012).
However, there are still some performances need to be improved, such as the size of
tag, gain, and read range performance which based on the several miniaturization
techniques. Both of their studies utilize CST Microwave Studio for simulation process.
As a result, it is important to find out the suitable miniaturization method to reduce the
size of tag antenna.
1.3 Objectives
This research aims to study a compact RFID tag antenna. The specific objectives are as
below:
1. To identify the suitable antenna design and investigate the potential of
integrating several miniaturization techniques as a method to reduce the
size of RFID tag.
2. To analyze parametric effect of the designed antenna such as size of tag,
gain, radiation pattern, and matching impedance.
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3. To investigate the effectiveness of the designed tag in terms of reading
range measurement.
1.4 Scope of Research
This study was conducted within its scopes. The scopes of this study were listed below:
The meandered dipole antenna integrating with square split – ring resonators
(S- SRRs) and capacitive – tip loading was utilized.
The tag performance was assessed in term of size, gain, radiation pattern,
matching impedance and read range measurement. These parameters were
common parameters measured, as indicators to assess the tag performance.
A UHF RFID reader (Model: UHF – RW – G2 – 232) was chosen as an
equipment for measuring read range performance. The performance of
maximum read range was assessed through the comparison of the result obtained from the calculated part with those obtained by the measurement
reader.
1.5 Overview of Research Methodology
The first step in the methodology consists of the studies about the challenges and the
potential research in designing the RFID tag antenna. The tag antenna will be designed
by modeling, simulating, and optimizing by monitoring the size of tag, antenna gain,
return loss and input impedance. Tag antenna was designed using the simulation on full – wave electromagnetic simulator (CST Microwave Studio, Version 2013). Parametric
study for an antenna is performed until the requirements are met. If the design
requirements are satisfied, the antenna design is ready. Otherwise, the design is further
modified and optimized until requirements are met. Once the RFID problems were
initialized, RFID requirements can be translated into the selection of antenna type and
its parameter. Then, the proposed tag antenna can be fabricated after optimization.
Finally, measurement can be implemented on the proposed tag antenna to validate the
design methods. The developed methodology for designing RFID tag antenna is
illustrated in a flow chart as shown in Figure 1.1.
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Figure 1.1. Flow Chart of the Design Process UHF RFID Tag Antenna
Start
RFID problems
Selection of tag antenna and substrate
Performed parametric study and optimization using CST
Microwave Studio 2013
Analyze the results
Is the design criteria satisfied?
Records all the measurements
Fabricate prototype antenna
Read range measurement
No
Yes
Miniaturized antenna: integrating meandering technique,
capacitive – tip loading and square SRR and do the
simulation
End
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1.6 Organization of Thesis
This thesis consists of five chapters. It was organized as follows.
Chapter 1 presented an introductory part for the overview of the history and the current scenario of RFID tags in Malaysia. This introductory part also provided the basic
discussion of the problem associated with the design of RFID tag antenna. Problem
statements, objectives and scope of the study also outlined in this chapter.
Meanwhile, Chapter 2 presents a detailed description on the literature reviews which
based on the RFID Technology. It includes the components of the RFID system, the
regulations in RFID which covers the operating frequency. This part reviews all the
work done found from the various publications by the previous researchers. The details
explanations about the fabrication process in producing RFID tag antenna, power
reflection coefficient analysis, input impedance and the maximum read range
In Chapter 3, the experimental methodology involved in this study is explained and
interpreted in the form of a flowchart. Chapter 4 presents the results obtained from the
experimental work, in the form of graphs and tables that included the detailed
explanation. Last but not least, the conclusion of the study and some recommendations
for future work are provided in Chapter 5.
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