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Academic Writing
Universidad de Nariño
Ana C. Sánchez Solarte
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What is Academic Writing?
It is a product of considering:
• Audience: must have an understanding of your
audience’s expectations and prior knowledge.
These will affect your writing content.
• Purpose and strategy: if your audience knows
less than you do, you are informing. If they
know more you convince them about your
knowledge. Strategies include: write, research,
reviewing, looking for cohesion, editing.
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What is Academic Writing?
• Organization: It must present a predictable
layout so that your readers can follow the
ideas rather than guessing what you mean. A
common organization is: description of a
situation, identification of a problem,
description of a solution, evaluation of the
solution.
• Style: it should be consistent all over the paper
and consider audience and purpose. Although
in English you write in a simple, direct way, a
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What is Academic Writing?
sign of formality in English is language use.
• Flow: the reader can move easily through the
text and the ideas. Connecting ideas
cohesively is necessary to help readers.
• Presentation: in Academic Writing you must
proofread a paper and look for types,
homophones, mistakes in agreement and
spelling.
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Parenthetical and Sentence Definitions
A common task in academic writing is writing
definitions. They can be short or long,
informal or formal. They can be parenthetical,
sentence and extended.
1. Parenthetical definitions: a short
explanation of a word or phrase placed
discreetly in a sentence. Ex:
Burger King has been trying unsuccessfully for
years to buy the equity stock (common
stock) of McDonald’s.
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Parenthetical and Sentence Definitions
It can also be a longer phrase or clause:
His uncle sells municipal revenue bonds,
bonds issued to finance projects that will
eventually generate their own revenues, such
as a toll bridge.
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Sentence Definitions
2. Sentence Definitions
It is a one-sentence explanation of a word or
phrase. They are useful when your readers
require a more formal or informative
clarification than parenthetical sentences
provide. It usually follows a standard pattern
in which the item being defined is placed in a
class or category of similar items and then
distinguished from them.
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Sentence Definitions
BASIC is a simple computer language,
popularly used by students and
microcomputer owners, in which line
numbers precede each statement.
Workshop One
Get in pairs and write a sentence definition for
2 of these terms: competence, output, focus
on form, communicative language teaching,
grammar, noticing. You must not copy
exactly from sources.
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Extended Definitions
Extended definitions are composed by one or
more paragraphs that attempt to explain a
complex term. Some terms may be so
important in your report, there may be so
much confusion about them or they may be
so difficult to understand that an extended
discussion is vital for the success of your
report, article, monograph or research paper.
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Extended Definitions
Extended definitions are composed by one or
more paragraphs that attempt to explain a
complex term. Some terms may be so
important in your report, there may be so
much confusion about them or they may be
so difficult to understand that an extended
discussion is vital for the success of your
report, article, monograph or research paper.
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Writing Summaries
A summary is a compilation of the essential
ideas of a longer composition such as an
article, a chapter in a book or book. I can
also be written taking as the starting point a
video or a lecture (less common). The basic
thought of a passage is reproduced in
miniature replicating the purpose, tone and
intention of the original. No interpretation or
comment should be added by the person
writing the summary.
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Writing Summaries
A summary, as any other academic text
should make use of a formal style and
consider a G-S construction. Its unity and
coherence should be emphasized through
smooth transitional devices. It should be
intelligible and meaningful to a reader who
has not read the original. It should provide an
account of the main parts of the original text
in about 200 words (it may vary according to
the requirements of Ts and advisors).
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Steps in Writing Summaries
• Write an outline with the ideas you consider
others should know about the text.
• State the name of the author, the article and
the source.
• Use formal wording.
• When writing about history use the past
tense.
• Avoid abusing commas, “ands” and
“becauses”.
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Steps in Writing Summaries
• Avoid ambiguous words and clichés
because they may not be motivation for your
audience.
• Once the first draft is finished, read through
it, see if it makes sense and if the original
ideas are reflected in your summary.
• Once you are satisfied with your draft check
spelling, concordances and homophones.
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Comparative Summaries
They can be assignments, part of a longer
paper or a response to an exam. They are
more difficult than simple summaries
because you have to analyze and use
information from 2 sources and infer and
make explicit the relationships among those
sources. Its extension will vary according to
the T and to the difficulty and extension of
the question. However, keep in mind that
summaries are always short.
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Comparative Summaries
In comparing the authors’ views you can do
the following
• Introduce author 1 & main idea 1
• Introduce author 2 & main idea 2
• Introduce author 1 & 2 common ideas
• Introduce author 1 & 2 dissimilar ideas
• Conclude stating similarities and differences
between authors.
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Styles
Most summaries begin with a sentence
containing the author, source and main idea.
Here are some examples of how to do it:
In T.S. Rodgers’ article “Language Teaching
Methodology”… (main idea)
According to T.S. Rodgers in his article
“Language Teaching Methodology”, …(mi)
T.S. Rodgers’ 2001 article on methodology
discusses… (mi)
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Styles
When writing a summary you can also use
the following objective and evaluative verbs:
describe, discuss, state, present, explain,
maintain, examine, affirm, argue, reveal,
presume, assume, assert, contend, allege,
claim, imply.
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Styles
To avoid overusing the author’s name and to
remind the reader that you are summarizing
a text use:
The author goes on to say that…
The article further states that …
The author also states/maintains/argues that..
The author concludes that
In the second half of the paper the author
presents…
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Styles
To compare and contrast authors you can use
• Saricoban and Olaofe maintain that
• The authors agree that…
• Although Saricoban explains this more
clearly, Olaofe would agree that…
• While both Saricoban and Olaofe analyze the
topic of listening, the former… while the
latter…
• Both Saricoban and Olaofe explain…
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Writing Critiques
The first real text where are real evaluation of
the content is carried out by a reader is a
critique. It is a critical assessment of the
strengths or weaknesses of an article, a
piece of research or study. It may include
positive and negative views to make the
paper look more fair and reasonable. In LT
we focus on the methodology used to get to
a conclusion, in engineering the most
important is the results obtained.
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Reasons for Writing Critiques
To asses the learners’ understanding of the
content of the text.
To push Ls into developing a critical reading of
authors in a specialized field.
To take Ls to a higher level of performance by
writing more complex tasks that can be
needed later on
To encourage Ls to compare the criticized
article with their previous background on that
topic.
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Form in Critiques
The connotation of should is negative, would
and could are preferred.
In order to express your opinion you can use:
Positive: useful, significant, remarkable,
competent, impressive, organized, efficient
Neutral: unusual, traditional, complex, ambitious
Negative: small, simple, limited, restricted,
flawed, unsatisfactory, poor.
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Table of contents
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Table of contents
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Table of contents
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Table of contents
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Organizational Chart
CEO
VP IT VP Admin Secretary
Manager Development
Manager QA
Manager Admin
Manager HR
Test Lead 1
Team Members List
Test Lead 2
Team Members List
Dev Lead 1
Team Members List
Dev Lead 2
Team Members List
Admin Officer 1
Admin Officer 2
Support 1
Support 2
Support 3
HR Executive 1
HR Executive 2
HR Support 1
HR Support 2
Accounts
&
Finance Staff
Replace designations as per your requirements.
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Area Wise Distribution
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
East
West
North
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Quarterly Sale
13%
17%
57%
13%
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
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Employee Detail
Employee No Name Gender Grade Department
70899 Triet Beo Male 4 Management
70909 David Smith Male 4 Marketing
70839 Susan Cyler Female 4 Dev
70800 Suzi Decosa Female 5 Management
70829 Abrahim Bukhatir Male 2 Dev
70394 Suresh Kumar Male 5 Dev
70291 Deborah Green Female 3 Testing
70844 Michael Bennot Male 1 Doc
70194 George Wood Male 2 Testing
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Area Wise Growth
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
North
West
East
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Important Points
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Project Iterations
Planning Execution Testing Deployment
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Process Diagram
Process
Input
Output
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Basic Process Flow Diagram
Input
Output
Process
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Compass
East
North
West
South
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Yearly Sales
Quarters
Sale in Million $
1 2 3 4
100
150
200
250
300
170 M
155 M
230 M
250 M
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Formula
65%
20%15%
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Growing Wealth
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Business Chain
RawSale
Finished
Good
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Training
Training
detail
comes
here
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Product List
Name of Product A
Name of Product B
Name of Product C
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Time Line
3rd Quarter
Milestone
4th Quarter
Milestone
1st Quarter
Milestone
2nd Quarter
Milestone
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Detail of joint ventures
can be provided here.
Joint Ventures
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SWOT Analysis
Opportunities
OThreats
T
Strengths
SWeaknesses
W
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Main Points
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Timeline
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
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text, please
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your original
facts and figures.
Thanks
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text, please
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facts and figures.
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text, please
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facts and figures.
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Sample Timeline
2000
2010
2020
2030
This is sample text, please
replace it with your original
facts and figures. Thanks
This is sample text, please
replace it with your original
facts and figures. Thanks
This is sample text, please replace it with
your original facts and figures. Thanks
This is sample text, please replace it with
your original facts and figures. Thanks
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Sample Timeline
2000
2010
2020
2030
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Good News
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original facts and figures. Thanks
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Economic Growth Circular Flow Model
Goods and Services
Factors and Production
Consumer Expenditures
Wages Rent Dividends
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Path Diagram
Your
text
Your
text
Your
text
Your
text
Your
text
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Circles & Segments
Yo
ur
text
he
re
Yo
ur
text
he
re
Your text here
Your text here
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Circles & Segments
Yo
ur
text
he
re
Yo
ur
text
he
re
Your text here
Your text here
Your
Text
here
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Circles & Segments
Yo
ur
text
he
re
Yo
ur
text
he
re
Your text here
Your text here
Your
text
Your
text
Your
text
![Page 57: Universidad de Nariño Ana C. Sánchez Solarte...•Avoid ambiguous words and clichés because they may not be motivation for your audience. •Once the first draft is finished, read](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042001/5e6dc2f8d4901450754dfda5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Your
Text
here
Your
Text
here
Circles & Segments
Your
Text
here
Your
Text
here
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Water Fall Model
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
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Water Fall Model
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
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Water Fall Model
Your text
here
Your text
here
Your text
here
Your text
here
Your text
here
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Your Detail Comes Here.
Your text here
Your text here
Your text here
Water Fall Model
Your text here
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Flowchart
Your
Document
Your
Process
Closed
DB1
Your
Decision
Your
Decision
Your
Process
Your
Process
Your
Process
Your
Process
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Annual Profit in million dollars
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
$378 $580 $523 $590
$421 $492 $600 $610
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Ideas
Your text here. Your text here.
Your text here.
Your text here.
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Obstacles
Your Obstacles
Detail Comes Here
Your Obstacles
Detail Comes Here
Your Obstacles
Detail Comes Here
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Checklist
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