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United States Sustainable Energy
United States Department of Energy
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Roadmap
• Energy Assessment
• Solution
• Phase I: Nuclear Energy
• Phase II: Solar Thermal Energy
• General Implementation
• Economics
• Conclusion
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Energy Assessment
•Decommissioning Nuclear Energy Plants from 1970’s
•Loss of supply, increase of demand
•Coal plants number decreasing and cost increasing
•Heavily dependent on fossil fuels
•Carbon emissions
•Fluctuating prices
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Current Energy (2008)
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Solution (2050)
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U.S. Energy Future
• Reducing carbon footprint
• Less dependent on fossil fuels
• Stable economy
• Set examples for other countries with new technologies
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Nuclear Energy
• One of the cleanest forms of energy
• Very cost-efficient
• Unit cost: $6-9 billion per reactor
• Implementation – 2015
• 210 nuclear reactors
• Completion – 2050
• 400 nuclear reactors
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Generation III+
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• Westinghouse AP1000
• 100 times safer than normal nuclear reactors
• Numerous innovative safety features
• 1154 MW output
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Advantages
• More powerful reactors
• Passive Containment Cooling Systems
• Cost competitive with coal plants
• Creates total of 250,000 jobs
• AP 1000 is inherently safer than older designs
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Disadvantages
• Public hesitant about nuclear energy
• Potential radiation damage
• Product from Cleveland Biolabs
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Solar Thermal Energy
• Cost: $6 billion
• Output: over 900 MW
• Phase II—2035
• 45 plants
• Locations: Southwest
• Parabolic Trough Design
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Advantages
• Cheap energy
• Electricity 50-70% more efficient than solar PV cells
• Able to heat to very high temperatures
• Hybridization
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Disadvantages
• High costs
• Unable to focus diffused light
• Weather dependent
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General Implementation
• 2015—Nuclear
• 2035—Solar Thermal and Nuclear
• 2050—Plan finishes
• Natural gas as transition from coal
• Satisfies both parties in Congress
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Economics
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Government funds up to 80% loan guarantees
• 15 percent tax break for nuclear
• 30 percent tax break for solar
• 77 billion dollars per year
• Cost competitive with Coal
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Cost Comparison
Nuclear vs. Coal
Nuclear Coal
With Capital 4.3c/kWh 3.8c/kWh
Without Capital 1.87c/kWh 3.3c/kWh
Capital costs $3382/kW $2750/kW 16
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Conclusion
• Sustainable energy is the future
• Nuclear and solar thermal security
• Role model for developing countries
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Questions?
Contact us:
• Shahwar Ali: [email protected]
• Maggie Blackwood: [email protected]
• Dong Kun Guo: [email protected]
• Aaron Johnston: [email protected]
• Lisa Zhang: [email protected]
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BACKUP SLIDES NUCLEAR
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Nuclear Energy is Safe
• Impossible to meltdown
• Radiation is contained in multiple layers
• Coal plants reduce more radiation
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How to Store Nuclear Waste
• Before: stored in barrels inside building
• Fukushima: leakage problem
• AP1000: underwater at the base of the reactor
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What happens if the AP1000 is not approved? • Letter from Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards
• “We conclude that there is reasonable assurance that the revised design can be built d operated without undue risk to the health and safety of the public.”
• Easily replaceable
• Areva
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The Westinghouse Monopoly
• Not true
• AP1000- example on any Generation III+ plant.
• GE and Babcock & Wilcox no Generation III+ designs
• Reevaluating the energy situation in 2035
• Assess and potentially invest in new technology
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Environmental Impact of Nuclear Energy • Releases hot water vapor only
• No radiation
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Importing Uranium
• 1 lb. of Uranium = 20,000 lbs. of coal.
• Canada and Australia,
• good diplomatic relations
• The price does not fluctuate as much as fossil fuels.
• Enough uranium to easily outlive the plants built in 2050
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Nuclear Proliferation
• It is impossible to build a nuclear weapon out of the uranium in a pressurized water reactor.
• New reactors have top security measures.
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Safety Features of the AP1000
• Passive Core Cooling System
• Containment Isolation
• Passive Containment Cooling System
• Main Control Room Emergency Habitability System
• In-Vessel Retention of Core Damage
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AP1000 Reactor Diagram
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Aftermath of Fukushima
• Obama Administration still supports nuclear
• Still wants $54.5 billion into nuclear (triple Bush)
• Agreed to monitor while Fukushima investigation occurred
• US is continuously upgrading safety requirements
• Japan Department of International Affairs: over 50% support increase/status quo as of June, 2011
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Other Generation III+ Reactors
• Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) by GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy: 1575 MW
• Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR) by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited: 1200 MW
• European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) by Areva: 1650 MW
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BACKUP SLIDES SOLAR THERMAL
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Errors in Current Policies
• PV cells unable to develop in large scale
• Inadequate funding
• Majority of technology was too expensive at the time of development
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Parabolic Trough Plant
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Storage: Thermocline System
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Solar Thermal Prices
• Decrease 15% in the next decade with 50% loan guarantee from the government (World Bank)
• Definite cost reduction (NREL)
• Large-scale production is cheaper
• Become competitive with current energies by 2015
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Potentials of Solar Thermal
• With 100% government loans
• 2015: 4 GW of electricity, 10% of US energy
• Energy production doubles several times over
• Avoids current nature preserves
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Solar Thermal or Agriculture?
• Land competes with agriculture in the desert
• Solar Thermal generates larger profit: Imperial Valley Case Study
• Alfalfa: $750/year/acre
• Solar Thermal: $45,000/year/acre
• Used less water
• Other benefits: jobs, district revenues
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Operation and Maintenance
• Operate and maintain 24 hours a day
• Initially lots of engineer/mechanic requirements
• Initial additional cost: $7,000
• Annual O&M Cost: $14,000
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Electricity of Solar Thermal
• Currently: $0.11 / kWh
• By 2020: (without government subsidies) $0.03 / kWh
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Why has our government not implemented solar thermal yet? • Decline in federal and state incentives
• No longer competitive with cheaper energy
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Success Stories
• SEGS I-IX (Solar Energy Generating Systems)
• Around 800 MWs
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BACKUP SLIDES ECONOMICS
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Methodology
• Existing Capacity: 1025.4 GW
• Increasing demand at 0.07 percent per year
• Necessary Demand 2050: 1364.9 GW
• Nuclear power retirements: 101.216 GW
• Coal power retirements: 72.03 GW
• Total Need: 512.7 GW
• At 1154 MW, we need 445 plants.
• 400 nuclear reactors and 45 solar thermal plants
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Loan Guarantees
• Definition: An agreement that a government will pay an amount of money if a private company defaults on their engagements.
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Tax Breaks
• 15 percent tax breaks for nuclear
• 30 percent tax break for solar thermal
• Only for time of construction, max 10 years
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Funding
• Congress allocated $6 billion fund for sustainable energy
• No concrete plan proposed—fund unused
• 2010: DOE used $2 billion, 22 plants
• (ABC News)
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BACKUP SLIDES MISCELLANEOUS
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Coal
• Will be more expensive
• Is actually more radioactive than nuclear energy
• Pollutes the atmosphere
• Clean coal increases the cost exponentially
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