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Unit IIIPolitical Parties, Media, and Interest Groups
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• -In early 1900’s, politicians tried to talk to as many people as possible
• They actually went door to door to gain voters, name recognition, and meet people
• Today TV is the most prevalent way people gain knowledge to the candidates
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• Campaigns are essentially mass media campaigns
• Computers/ technology are also a huge part of campaigns
• 1996 Bob Dole told people to go to his web site t understand his policies; the server crashed
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• In May 2008 Pew Research conducted a poll that concluded 6% of American adults contributed to a campaign via web site
• About 14 million people
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• Another form is direct mailing• Locating potential supporters by sending
information and a request for money to people who support them.
• Candidates can pick an issue and then directly relate it a group of voters
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• About $1 billion is collected in campaign finance using direct mailing
• Candidates need to use this funding in order to win a campaign
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• Today, the most major item is unquestionably TV advertising
• At least half the total budget of a presidential campaign is used from TV ads
• 2012 $7 billion
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• Many news organizations believe that voters are less concerned about the issues
• They prefer politics to policy
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
• Steps to starting a campaign:
• 1 Get a campaign manager
• 2 get a fundraiser
• 3 Hire a media and campaign consultants
• 4 Assemblée a campaign staff
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What are high-tech media campaigns?
5 Plan logistics
6 Get research staff and policy advisors
7 Hire a pollster
8 Get a good press secretary
9 Establish a web site
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Federal Elections Campaign Act (1974)• 2 goals:
• tightening reporting requirements for contributions
• Limiting expenditures
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Federal Election Campaign Act also instituted the following:
• Federal Election Commission (FEC): bipartisan; 6 members administers campaign finance and enforce their requirements
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Presidential Election Campaign Fund: $3 check off box on income tax returns
• Only about 10% of people do this
• It used to be $1 but because of inflation, it increased
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Provided partial public financing for presidential primaries• Presidential candidates who raise $5,000 in at
least 20 states can get individual funds matched up to $250 from the federal treasury
• Called matching funds
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• If they agree, to matching funds, they also agree to a spending limit set forth by federal law
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the general election• Each major party candidate can take a fixed
amount of meny for to cover campaign costs
• In 2008 it was $85 million
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• It required full disclosure
• Periodic reports on donation and how the money was spent
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Limited Contributions• McCain-Feingold Act increased the amount individuals could
contribute
• It used to be $1000
• http://www.fec.gov/ans/answers_general.shtml
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• SCOTUS case:• Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
• Struck down the part of the Federal election campaign act that limited the amount of $ a person could contribute to their own campaign
• This allowed Mitt Romney to donate $44 million to his own campaign
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• McCain- Feingold Act• John McCain (R-AZ) and Russell Feingold (D-
WI)
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Worked to stop the use of soft money• Money that is not subject to contribution limits
• People could donate $ to political parties without limits
• Individuals were giving hundreds of thousands of dollars and companies were giving millions
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• McCain-Feingold came together in 2002 to put an end to soft money
• The bill also prohibited unions and corporations from using their general treasury funds to pay for electioneering communications
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What is Campaign Finance Reform?
• Like water, the donors moved around the obstacles
• They created 527 groups• Do not face as much scrutiny because they are not
supporting one particular candidate
• Wealthy donors were able to continue to make contributions (see handout)
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What are PACs?
• PAC= Political Action Committee• Pre 1974 corporations were not allowed to
contribute to political campaigns
• Now, by forming a PAC you can contribute up to $5,000 to campaigns
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What are PACs?
• 4,611 PACs in 2008 according to the FEC
• People worry that PACs are taking over the election cycle/ politicians
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What are PACs
• Most PACs are going to give $ to candidates who agree with them
• Can sometimes be attributed to votes in the legislative process as well
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How Congress is organized to make policy?
• Bicameral legislature• Divided into two
• House of Representative- 4x as large as Senate
• Senate 100 memebers
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How Congress is organized to make policy?
• The House Rules committee is the most powerful in the House of Representatives• Reviews all bills that come before the house
• Members are appointed by the Speaker of the House
• They can prohibit/limit amendments
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How is Congress organized?
• The Senate • Filibuster
• Cloture- 60 members can stop a filibuster
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Interest GroupsInterest Groups and Lobbying
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Major types of Interest Groups• Economic Issues
• Environmental Concerns
• Equality Issues
• Interests of all Consumers
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Economic Interests • Concerned with wages
• Prices
• Profits
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Economic Interests (contd)• Usually, economic issues are resolved/ decided
through regulations, tax advantages, subsidies, and contracts
• Business, labor, and farmers and their interests are included in economic intersts
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Economic Interests (contd)• Each of the groups ( farmers, sm. businesses,
railroads, minority businesses, etc.) want to have access to government subsidies or incentives
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Economic Interests – LABOR• More affiliated members than any other group
• AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations) is the largest interest group
• It is a group with many sub groups
• Has over 10 million members
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• LABOR (contd)• Major goal: press for policies to ensure better
working conditions and higher wages
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
Right to work
• Forbids the requirement of workers to join a union
Union Shop• Provision found in some
collective bargaining requiring all members of a business to join a union (as a condition of employment)
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• 1956- Labor union reached its peak
• Today only about 13% of people belong to a union
• The reason: low wages in other countries have diminished job market in manufacturing areas
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• BUSINESS• Banks, insurance companies, multinational
corporations
• Business is typically very elite and very organized for political action
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Business• Corporate and trade PACs have shifted more
towards a Republican standpoint
• They fight regulations that would reduce their profits and seek preferential tax treatment
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• ENVIRONMENTAL INTERESTS • Newest interest group category
• Can be traced to Earth Day 1970
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Environmental (contd)• Examples: Sierra Club, Audubon Society, WWF
(World Wildlife Fund)
• The groups promote pollution-control policies, animal rights, and population control
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• EQUALITY INTERESTS• Groups seeking to address the 14th amendment
protections
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Equality• Oldest interest group: NAACP (Nat’l Association for the
Advancement of Colored People)
• They were involved with Brown v. Board of Education and other lesser known landmark cases
• Today, their main vehicle is the Fair Share Program- negotiate with groups to increase minority hiring and minority contracts
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What are the different types of Interest Groups?
• Public Interest/ Consumers• Products made more safe (ie cars)
• Protections of fairness in the government
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Review Questions!
• PACs• A. contribute much more money to campaigns
of challengers than incumbents
• B. contribute much more money to campaigns of incumbants than challengers
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Answer B
• PACs have more of a relationship with most incumbants and they also want to have connections to a more reestablished member of congress
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Review Questions!
• True or False
• As voter turnout has decreased over time, intrest group activity has also decline.
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False
• Interest group activity continues to increase.
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Review Questions!
• True or False
• The so-called right to work laws have positively impacted union membership in those states that adopted them.
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False
• Right to work laws forbids the requirement of that workers must join a union
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The Mass Media and the Political
AgendaUnit III
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How does the media impact elections?
• Most parts of the a campaign are shaped by high-tech politics• Political agenda is shaped by technology
• Via mass media (TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, and Internet)
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How does the media impact elections?
• The key to gaining control over the political agenda is to be at the top of the daily news• ie “trending now”
• A media event is a staged event that gets politicians in the news
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How does the media impact elections?
• TV commercials help escalate people in presidential campaigns
• 60% of the campaign budget is delegated to commercials
• About 2/3 of ads are negative ads
• http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/2012
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How does the media impact elections?
Development of Media Politics
When the constitution was written not much media existed
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How does the media impact elections?
• Newspapers came into vogue in the mid 1800’s
• Journalists submitted their questions in writing and the president responded in writing
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How does the media impact elections?
• President Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) is quoted as saying:• “POTUS will not stand and be questioned like a
chicken thief by men whose names he does not even know.”
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How does the media impact elections?
• FDR (1933-45) encourages media politics • He considered the media an ally
• He held 2 press conferences a week
• He held ‘fire-side chats’ on the radio
• FDR knew the correct stories to feed to the media
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How does the media impact elections?
• Up until the 1960’s reporters believed in respecting the privacy of presidents
• They focused on the policy issues rather than personal issues
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How does the media impact elections?
• Once the Vietnam war and Watergate occurred, journalists became more investigative
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How does the media impact elections?
• When the Clinton-Lewinski scandal broke 75% of the questions asked at press briefings related to the scandal
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How does the media impact elections?
• Investigative journalism- the use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, etc.
• Typically, it makes for tension between the media and politicians
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Government Regulation of
MediaUnit III
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How does the government regulate the media?
• 1934- FCC Federal Communication Commission• Regulates use of the airwaves
• 3 ways it regulates
• 1 prevent monopolies
• 2 examines stations periodically to ensure standards
• Fair treatment to airways
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How does the government regulate the media?
• First major networks: ABC, NBC, CBS• Had to cover a variety of topics
• Politics, sports, history
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How does the government regulate the media?
• Today, other channels exist
• Narrowcasting: media programming on cable or Internet that is focused on one topic and aimed at an audience
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How does the government regulate the media?
• Young people are more likely to learn from Internet and comedy TV shows about matters pertaining to politics
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How does the government regulate the media?
• One of the major changes that occurred because of the Internet is that people choose what a produce of their own intension choices
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How does the government regulate the media?
• Although American media is independent they are dependent on advertising revenues to keep their businesses going
• Public ownership of the media can serve the public interest without worry about size of their audience
• Private means getting the biggest audience possible (sometimes it is the only objective)
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How does the government regulate the media?
•Reporting the news:• As students of journalism will tell you, news is what is timely and different
• To a large extent, TV networks define news as what is entertaining to the average viewer
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How does the government regulate the media?
• Finding the News:• Beats: specific locations where the news
happens
• Trial balloons: information purposely leaked to see what the political reaction will be
• i.e. leaking a big story before it is formally reported by a news source
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How does the government regulate the media?
• Presenting the news:• Usually stories are compressed into 30 second sound
bits
• News shows like Meet the Press do entire stories, in-depth coverage
• In place of speeches, Americans now hear sound bites- about ten seconds (in 2004, average during political campaign is 7.8 seconds; in 1968, it was 43.1 seconds)
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Media BiasUnit III
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What is the impact of media bias?
• Bias in the news:• Most believe the media is biased in favor of one
popint of view
• ie CNN v Fox News
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What is the impact of media bias?
• Mostly of the time American believe there is a “liberal media bias”• Cover topics that are more left than right
• In 2002 about 40% of journalists surveyed believed they were more liberal while 25% right; the rest were somewhere in the middle
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What is the impact of media bias?
• Despite these findings, social science studies have found that reporting is not systematically biased toward a particular ideology or party• Most stories present a point and counterpoint
argument
• Reporters believe in journalists objectivity
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What is the impact of media bias?
• Ideally, news should mirror reality; however, the bias in media ins covering the stories that will draw the largest audience
• TV is particularly bias toward stories that will generate good pictures
• A talking head is not going to draw the same amount ogf popularity as great visuals
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What is the impact of media bias?
• News and Public Opinion• It is difficult to see how bias has an impact on
people
• Studies are difficult to construct and carry out in a meaningful manner
• It is difficult to isolate a particular variable
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What is the impact of media bias?
• Minimal effects hypothesis- stemmed from the fact that early scholars were looking for direct impacts ie if the media affected how people voted• The focus then shifted to WHAT Americans think about
• After several studies, agenda setting effects are particularly strong among politically knowledgeable citizens