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Unit 8. Motivation and Emotion
College Board - “Acorn Book” Course Description
6-8% (previously 7-9% )
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“It’s the only way I can get myself out of bed in the morning"
Source: New Yorker Magazine
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A. Biological BasesB. Theories of MotivationC. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain
D. Social MotivesE. Theories of EmotionF. Stress
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Summary Outline
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Evolutionary View Sources of Motivation: Biological factors Emotional factors Cognitive factors Social factors
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A. Biological Bases
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Instinct Theory◦Evolutionary Approach◦Behavioral Predispositions
Drive Reduction Theory (Homeostasis)
Arousal TheoryIncentive Theory
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B. Theories of Motivation
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Unit V. States of Consciousness
Instinct? Need? Drive? Incentive?
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Hunger and Satiety as opposing processes
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C. Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Pain
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Role of Hypothalamus (Stimulation and lesioning studies)◦Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) Lateral = Side
◦Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) Ventro = Beneath, Medial = Center
◦Duality of Hypothalamic Functions (Hunger / Satiety)
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Biological signals
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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 1
Electrical Stimulation
Lesioning (Destruction)
Lateral Hypothalamus
“On switch”Ventromedial
Hypothalamus“Off switch”
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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 2
Electrical Stimulation
Lesioning (Destruction)
Lateral Hypothalamus
“On switch”
Rat eats
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
“Off switch”
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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 3
Electrical Stimulation
Lesioning (Destruction)
Lateral Hypothalamus
“On switch”Ventromedial
Hypothalamus“Off switch”
Rat stops eating
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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 4
Electrical Stimulation
Lesioning (Destruction)
Lateral Hypothalamus
“On switch”
Rat doesn’t eat
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
“Off switch”
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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 5
Electrical Stimulation
Lesioning (Destruction)
Lateral Hypothalamus
“On switch”Ventromedial
Hypothalamus“Off switch”
Rat doesn’t stop eating
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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety 6
Electrical Stimulation
Lesioning (Destruction)
Lateral Hypothalamus
“On switch”
Rat eatsTriggers “on”
switch
Rat doesn’t eatRemoves “on”
switchVentromedial
Hypothalamus“Off switch”
Rat stops eatingTriggers “off”
switch
Rat doesn’t stop eating
Removes “off” switch
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Signals from the Blood ◦ Glucose Regulation - Glucostatic Theory (Glucostats)
Hormonal Regulation◦ Insulin (Hunger)◦ Cholecystokinin (CKK) (Satiety)
Set Point Genetic Predispositions (Fat cells, Obese
Gene?) Dopamine deprived lacks the motivation to
seek food but enjoys food when it is available Drugs that elevate serotonin levels are
powerful appetite suppressants
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Other Factors in Hunger and Satiety
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External CuesSocial factorsCultural factorsEating Disorders◦Obesity◦Anorexia Nervosa◦Bulimia Nervosa
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Personal Factors in Hunger
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Sexual Response CycleSex hormonesSocial and Cultural Factors in Sexuality
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Biology of Sex
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Term DefinitionGender
Gender IdentityGender RolesSexual Orientation
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Gender
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Achievement Motivation
“How will you ever know whether you’re a flying squirrel if you don’t give it a shot?”
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Achievement Motivation (McClelland)◦Fear of Failure◦(Fear of Success – Horner)
Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Belong (Fromm) Industrial Organizational Psychology
◦Intrinsic / Extrinsic Motivation◦Theory X / Theory Y◦Task / Social Leadership
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D. Social Motives
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Achievement Motivation
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Defining Emotions, ◦Naming Emotions, ◦Categorizing Emotions
Components of Emotion ◦Cognitive: Subjective Feelings◦Physiological: Autonomic Arousal◦Behavioral: Nonverbal Expressiveness
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E. Theories of Emotion
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Figure 12-3 The Limbic System
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AngerDisgustFearHappinessSadnessSurprise
Paul EkmanEmotions / Facial Expression
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Positive Emotions◦Enjoyment/Joy - smiling, lips wide and
out◦Interest/Excitement - eyebrows down,
eyes tracking, eyes looking, closer listening
Neutral◦Surprise/Startle - eyebrows up, eyes
blinking
Affect Theory – Sylvan TomkinsThe Innate Affects
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Negative◦Anger/Rage - frowning, a clenched jaw, a
red face◦Disgust - the lower lip raised and
protruded, head forward and down◦Dis-smell (reaction to bad smell) - upper
lip raised, head pulled back◦Distress/Anguish - crying, rhythmic
sobbing, arched eyebrows, mouth lowered
◦Fear/Terror - a frozen stare, a pale face, coldness, sweat, erect hair
◦Shame/Humiliation - eyes lowered, the head down and averted, blushing
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“It’s refreshing to find someone today who’s not angry.”
Emotions
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Limbic System (Amygdala)Hemispheric Contributions to Emotion
Role of Autonomic Nervous System
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Biology of Emotions
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James-Lange◦View that emotions bEmotion Facial feedback hypothesis
Cannon-Bard◦Simultaneous Body response/Emotion
Schachter-Singer – Two Factor Theory◦Body response/Cognitive Interpretation Misattribution of arousal Excitation transfer
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Theories of Emotion
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