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Unit 5: Ancient Rome (Part II)
From Republic to Empire
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After the Punic Wars, Rome conquered new territories in Northern Italy &
gained great wealth
One of the generals who led Rome’s expansion was a
politician named Julius Caesar
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Problems for the Roman Republic ■ Rome’s expansion brought wealth,
but also created problems:– The addition of new lands & sources
of slave labor increased the gap between the rich & poor.• New class of landowners owned huge estates
called latifundias.• Farmers faced problems with falling grain
prices farmers in debt forced to sell land.– Generals who controlled the armies became
more powerful than the politicians in the Senate– Struggles for power led to a series
of civil wars in Rome
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Attempts at Reform■Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus: tribune
leaders■Attempted to limit land holdings of
aristocrats – land redistribution■Public funds to support the poor.■Called for extension of full citizenship
to Rome’s allies.■Results: Both leaders assassinated■Century of civil war: Senate vs. political
leaders
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Civil War
■87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome■Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius
out 83 BCE■5 year reign of terror follows,
resulting in the murder or execution of up to 10,000 Marian supporters
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The First Triumvirate1) Julius Caesar2) Crassus3) Pompey
Political disagreements led Caesar and Pompey to command rival armies. Caesar defied orders of Senate.
Caesar gained support of army and masses.
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The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar took
advantage of the chaos
in Rome & was named dictator by the senate
in 46 B.C. He initiated a series of reforms that offered Roman citizenship to conquered people, created new jobs in public works projects and offered land to peasants.
A dictator is ruler who heads the
military and controls with
total authority
Crossing the Rubicon “Veni, Vidi, Vici”
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Provided jobs for poor
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Libraries, temples & Forum built
Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to
connect empire
“All roads lead to Rome”
Colonies established for trade
Distributed free grain
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In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar
Many Senators led by Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius feared
Caesar’s popularity &
power as dictator of Rome
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The assassination led to another civil war led by Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian, his best general, Mark Antony, and a politician named Lepidus.
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Second Triumvirate 1) Octavian2) Mark Antony3) Lepidus
• Purged republic of Caesar’s enemies• Mark Antony falls in love with Queen
Cleopatra of Egypt• Octavian accused Antony of wanting to
rule Rome from Egypt• Civil war erupts Octavian becomes
emperor of Rome Republic collapses
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End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire ■Caesar’s death changed Rome:
–People no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome & the Roman Republic came to an end & the empire began
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The Rise of the Roman Empire
Octavian emerged as the unchallenged leader of Rome, was given the title Augustus (“Exalted One”), & became
Rome’s first emperor
Under Augustus, Rome was ruled as an empire; the Senate still met but the emperor had
all the real power
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Imperial Rome’s GovernmentStable Government
1) Well trained civil service2) Ordered census to make tax system fair3) Postal service4) Developed a well-ordered bureaucracy 5) Common currency throughout empire
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The Pax Romana Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the
beginning of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, & expansion known as the Pax
Romana (“the Roman Peace”) from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.
Pax Romana
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During the Pax Romana, the empire expanded to its height & brought great wealth to Rome
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The Pax Romana became the “golden age” of Rome as emperors like Augustus built roads & a merit-based bureaucracy to rule the empire
Roman aqueducts brought water to cities
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Roman architects used new styles like domes & concrete to beautify cities
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Bread and CircusesEmperors built arenas & used chariot races,
gladiator events, & theater to entertain the poor
The Roman Coliseum
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Colosseum & Circus Maximus■ Colosseum 80 A.D.
–Held gladiator & animal fights
–Held 50,000 people■ Circus Maximus
–Held chariot races–Held 250,000–Bread and Circus
Policy
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Roman Civil Service ■ Rome’s 1st emperor, Augustus, created
several systems to help himself rule the enormous empire better.
■ Augustus set up a civil service, with salaried, experienced workers to take care of the empire.
■ These bureaucrats helped oversee the empire by keeping track of grain, the roads, the postal service and all other things needed to run an empire.
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Roman Civil ServiceAnswer these
questions:
1.Why do you think that Augustus formed the civil service?
2.Name 3 civil service jobs that allow the president to do his job better
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Conclusions■Rome expanded from a city, to
a republic, to an empire–The era of the Roman
Republic introduced representative democracy
–The era of the Roman Empire sparked the Pax Romana & the “golden age” of Roman innovation & culture
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1. Caligula and Nero – playing fiddle while Rome burns
2. Hadrian – codified Roman law, built wall around Britain
3. Marcus Aurelias – Last of the Good Emperors
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Roman SocietyChanging Role of Women•Women ran businesses•Supported arts and wealthy•Most worked at home
Education•Girls and Boys read and write•Greeks educated wealthy•Rhetoric important