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Unit 4 – Circulatory, Respiratory and Excretory System Test Date ___________________ Project Due ________________________________ Lesson 1 – The Cardiovascular System Homework: read pages 176-179 and take notes Warm –up 1. _____ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ Finding Target Heart rate (220 – age) x .65 = 65% fitness level (220 – age) x .85 = 85% fitness level In order to be considered physically fit you must reach your target heart rate for 30 consecutive minutes, 3 days a week. The top formula calculates your heart rate at a 65% fitness level and the bottom formula calculates your heart rate at an 85% fitness level. - As you become more physically fit your resting heart rate can decrease over time due to the fact that it doesn’t have to work as hard.
- heart –
- made of cardiac muscle tissue
- 2 sides
- right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
- left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body
- each side has 2 chambers
- upper chamber – atrium
- lower chamber – ventricle
- valves
- located between chambers and where large arteries attach to the heart
- prevent blood from going backward
- the sound of heartbeat we hear is caused by them closing
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- Blood Vessels - Arties –
- carries blood away from the heart to the body’s organs
- heartbeat pumps blood into arties at high pressure – blood pressure
- pulse – rhythmic changes in your blood pressure
- Capillaries
- tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in other tissue
- only 1 cell thick
- bring nutrients, oxygen and other substances to the cells
- removes carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells
- Veins
- in biology, a vessel that carries blood to the heart
- pushed back to the heart when muscles contract
Oxygen-poor blood trav-
els back into the heart
Right ventricle pumps oxygen-
poor blood into the arteries that
lead to the lungs
Heart pumps oxygen-rich blood
from the left ventricle into arter-
ies and then into capillaries
In the capillaries — blood takes up oxy-
gen and releases carbon dioxide. Oxy-
gen-rich blood travels through the
veins of the left atrium
As blood travels through capil-
laries, it transports oxygen, nu-
trients and water to the cells
while carrying away waste mate-
rials and carbon dioxide
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- Cardiovascular Problems
- Causes – smoking, high levels of cholesterol in the blood, stress, physical inactivity or heredity
- can help – eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise
- Atherosclerosis
- the buildup of material inside the artery which can become blocked restricting blood flow that can lead to a heart attack
- High Blood Pressure (hypertension)
- abnormally high blood pressure
- can lead to a stroke – blood vessel in the brain become clogged or rupture
- brain cells can die because of lack of oxygen
- Heart Attack
- happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is damages
- Heart Failure
- happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs
Lesson 2 – Blood Homework: read pages 182-185 and take notes
Receiver’s Can receive Can receive Can receive Can receive Blood type type O? Type A? Type B? Type AB? O A B AB
Blood Type game http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-blood/donor-zone/games/blood-type
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- The circulatory system is made up of your heart, blood vessels and blood — is responsi-ble for transporting needed materials to the body’s cells.
Blood – the fluid that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body and that is made up of plasma, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells.
- helps regulate the body’s temperature by enlarging and shrinking
- Plasma – mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins and other substances, and con-tains the following
- Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
- take oxygen to every cell
- hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein and give blood its red color
- Platelets
- pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow
- last only 5 to 10 days
- clump together to plug a damage area to reduce blood loss and release chemicals to help blood clot
- White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
- help keep the body healthy by destroying pathogens and clean wounds
- fight pathogens
- destroy them by releasing antibodies
- destroy body cells that have died or been damaged
- created in bone marrow and mature in the lymphatic system
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Lesson 3 – The Respiratory System Homework: read pages 190-193- and take notes
Snore Lab Questions
1. How was your humming different when wax paper was pressed to your mouth?
2. Use your observations to guess what might cause snoring.
- Blood Pressure – the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries and is given in 2 numbers
- Systolic pressure is the pressure inside large arteries when the ventricles contract
- diastolic pressure is the pressure inside the arteries when the ventricles relax
Blood Types
- 4 types – A, B, AB, or O
- antigens are the surface chemicals on RBC’s that make blood different types
- Also have different antibodies in the plasma which
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- Respiration – the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells and their envi-ronment; includes breathing (inhaling and exhaling) and cellular respiration (chemical reaction that release energy from food)
- Respiratory System – a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxy-gen and expel carbon dioxide.
- Nose – main passageway into the system
- Pharynx (throat) – passage from the mouth to the larynx and esophagus – branches into two tubes – esophagus goes to the stomach while the larynx goes to the lungs
- Larynx – area of the throat that contains the vocal cords ( elastic bands that stretch across the lar-ynx) and produces vocal sounds when air flowing be-tween them makes the cords vibrate
- Trachea (windpipe) – the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs
- Bronchi – one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea
- Alveoli – any of the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are ex-changed. This exchange between the alveoli and capillaries allows oxygen to enter the blood.
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Lesson 4 – Excretory or Urinary System Homework: read pages 212-215 and take notes Warm-up — 1. ___________________ 2. ____________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________
- Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body.
- Urinary System – the organs that produce, store and eliminate urine
- Kidney – one of the pair of organs that filter water
and wastes from the blood and that excrete products as urine
- Nephrons — microscopic filters in the kidney that
Remove water and other harmful substances from the
blood
Water Balance
- sweat – evaporation of water from your skin to cool – causes less saliva to produced causing you to become thirsty
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – controls the amount of water in the bloodstream and amount of urine produced
- Diuretics – causes your body to make more urine taking water from your blood
Cellular Respiration
- oxygen is used by cells to release energy stored in molecules of glucose.
- oxygen is diffused out of the red blood cells and into each cell
- cells use the oxygen to release chemical energy – during, carbon dioxide and water are produced – carbon dioxide is exhaled from the lungs
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Lesson 5 – Respiratory and Urinary System Disorders
Respiratory Disorders
- asthma
- cause the bronchioles to narrow – has difficulty breathing and may be triggered by irritants such as dust or pollen
- emphysema
- happens when the alveoli have been damaged. People have trouble getting the oxy-gen they need
- SARS – severe acute respiratory syndrome
- caused by a virus
Urinary System Problems
- Bacterial Infections
- painful infections that needs to be treated before it reaches the kidneys can be per-manently damaged
- Kidney Stones
- salts and other wastes that collect inside in the kidneys
- Kidney Disease
- damaged nephrons which causes the person to have to use a kidney machine to fil-ter waste from the blood
Lesson 6 – The Integumentary System and review of other excretory systems Homework: read pages 162-165 and take notes - Integumentary System – the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body
— Your skin is the largest organ in your body
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Warm-up 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Functions of Skin
- keeps water in and foreign particles out
- nerve endings let you feel things around you
- sweat — regulate body temperature and also removes waste
Layers of Skin
- epidermis – the surface layer of cells on a plant or animal
- dermis – the layer of skin below the epidermis –made of protein called collagen that provides strength
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Study Guide Circulatory system — responsible for transporting needed materials to the body’s cells Heart — made up of cardiac muscle tissue 2 sides — right pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs — left pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body and heart - upper chamber — atrium / lower chamber — ventricle In the lungs oxygen is added to blood while carbon dioxide is removed Cardiovascular system includes: heart, arteries, capillaries and veins - 2 types of blood circulation — pulmonary and systemic Cardiovascular problems — atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, heart attack and heart failure Blood pressure — the force exerted on the walls of the arteries — systolic and diastolic Main components of blood : plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets - primary function — carrying oxygen and nutrients, fight pathogens and reducing blood loss - Blood types — A, B, AB, and O Respiration — exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells - breathing and cellular respiration alveoli and capillaries work together to allow oxygen to enter the blood Trachea — tube that connects the larynx to the lungs Urinary System — organs that produce, store and eliminate urine - excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body Nephrons — microscopic filters in the kidney that remove waste and other harmful substance from the blood diuretics — makes the body expel liquid Urinary system disorders: bacterial infections, kidney stones and kidney disease Respiratory disorders: SARS, emphysema and asthma Integumentary System — forms a protective covering on the outside of the body - skin is the largest organ in your body Functions of skin - keep water in/foreign particles out — lets you feels things you — sweat which regulates body tempera-ture and removes waste.