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Unit # 4Unit # 4
Atomic TheoryAtomic Theory
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HistoryHistoryGreeksGreeks Democritus (460-370BC)Democritus (460-370BC)
– – Matter is made of atoms.Matter is made of atoms.- Different kinds of shapes and sizes- Different kinds of shapes and sizes
Aristotle ( 364 -322 BC)Aristotle ( 364 -322 BC)- didn’t believe of atoms.didn’t believe of atoms.- - - Matter is made of earth, fire, Matter is made of earth, fire,
air, and waterair, and water..
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Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory1)1) Elements are made up of atomsElements are made up of atoms
2)2) Atoms of each Atoms of each element are identical.element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different.Atoms of different elements are different.
3)3) Compounds are formed when atoms Compounds are formed when atoms combine. Each compound has a specific combine. Each compound has a specific number and kinds of atom.number and kinds of atom.
4)4) Chemical reactions are rearrangement of Chemical reactions are rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are not created or atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed.destroyed.
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Experiments to determine what Experiments to determine what an atom wasan atom was
J. J. Thomson- used Cathode ray tubesJ. J. Thomson- used Cathode ray tubes
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Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
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Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the positive end.positive end.
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
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Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field By adding an electric field
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Voltage source
Thomson’s ExperimentThomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field, he found that By adding an electric field, he found that the moving pieces were negative the moving pieces were negative
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-
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Thomsom’s ModelThomsom’s Model Found the electron.Found the electron. Couldn’t find positive Couldn’t find positive
(for a while). (for a while). Said the atom was like Said the atom was like
plum pudding.plum pudding. A bunch of positive A bunch of positive
stuff, with the stuff, with the electrons able to be electrons able to be removed. removed.
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Millikan’s ExperimentMillikan’s Experiment
Oil
Atomizer
Oil droplets
Telescope
-
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Rutherford’s ExperimentRutherford’s Experiment Used uranium to produce alpha particles.Used uranium to produce alpha particles. Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by
drilling hole in lead block.drilling hole in lead block. Since the mass is evenly distributed in Since the mass is evenly distributed in
gold atoms alpha particles should go gold atoms alpha particles should go straight through.straight through.
Used gold foil because it could be made Used gold foil because it could be made atoms thin.atoms thin.
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Lead block
Uranium
Gold Foil
Florescent Screen
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What he expected
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Because
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Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom.
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What he got
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How he explained it
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Atom is mostly emptyAtom is mostly empty Small dense,Small dense,
positive piecepositive pieceat center.at center.
Alpha particlesAlpha particlesare deflected byare deflected by it if it if they get closethey get close enough. enough.
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Inside the Gold atomInside the Gold atom
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Modern ViewModern View The atom is mostly The atom is mostly
empty space.empty space. Two regionsTwo regions Nucleus- protons Nucleus- protons
and neutrons.and neutrons. Electron cloud- Electron cloud-
region where you region where you might find an might find an electron.electron.
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Chadwick 1932Chadwick 1932 James Chadwick proves the existence of James Chadwick proves the existence of
neutronsneutrons He fired protons at Lithium nuclei, splitting He fired protons at Lithium nuclei, splitting
them into helium nuclei and releasing them into helium nuclei and releasing energy.energy.
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Sub-atomic ParticlesSub-atomic Particles Z - atomic number = number of protons Z - atomic number = number of protons
determines type of atom.determines type of atom. A - mass number = number of protons + A - mass number = number of protons +
neutrons. neutrons. N= A-ZN= A-Z Number of protons = number of electrons if Number of protons = number of electrons if
neutral.neutral.
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SymbolsSymbols
XA
Z
Na23
11
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How Atoms DifferHow Atoms Differ Atomic number = Atomic number =
number of protonsnumber of protons Atomic number = Atomic number =
number of electrons.number of electrons.
Number of Neutrons= Number of Neutrons= mass # - Protons #mass # - Protons #
Problem:Problem:
ElemeElementnt
AtomiAtomic #c #
ElectrElectronsons
NeutrNeutronsons
NN
OO
ZnZn
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HomeworkHomework1.1. How many electrons and protons are in How many electrons and protons are in
each atom?each atom?
RadonRadon ; Magnesium; Magnesium
2.2. An atom contains 66 electrons. Which An atom contains 66 electrons. Which element is it?element is it?
3.3. An atom of an element contains 14 An atom of an element contains 14 protons. Which element is it?protons. Which element is it?
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Chemical BondsChemical Bonds The forces that hold atoms together.The forces that hold atoms together. Covalent bonding - sharing electrons.Covalent bonding - sharing electrons. Makes molecules.Makes molecules. Chemical formula- the number and type of Chemical formula- the number and type of
atoms in a molecule. atoms in a molecule. CC22HH66 - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms,
Structural formula shows the connections, Structural formula shows the connections, but not necessarily the shape.but not necessarily the shape.
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H
H
H H
H
HC C
There are also other model that attempt to There are also other model that attempt to show three dimensional shape.show three dimensional shape.
Ball and stick.Ball and stick.
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IonsIons Atoms or groups of atoms with a charge.Atoms or groups of atoms with a charge. Cations- positive ions - get by losing Cations- positive ions - get by losing
electrons(s).electrons(s). Anions- negative ions - get by gaining Anions- negative ions - get by gaining
electron(s).electron(s). Ionic bonding- held together by the Ionic bonding- held together by the
opposite charges.opposite charges. Ionic solids are called salts.Ionic solids are called salts.
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Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions Groups of atoms that have a charge.Groups of atoms that have a charge. Yes, you have to memorize them.Yes, you have to memorize them. List on page 65List on page 65
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Periodic TablePeriodic Table
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MetalsMetals ConductorsConductors Lose electronsLose electrons Malleable and ductileMalleable and ductile
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NonmetalsNonmetals BrittleBrittle Gain electronsGain electrons Covalent bondsCovalent bonds
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Semi-metals or MetalloidsSemi-metals or Metalloids
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Alkali Metals
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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Halogens
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Transition metals
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Noble Gases
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Inner Transition Metals
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+1+2 -1-2-3
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Naming compoundsNaming compounds Two typesTwo types IonicIonic - metal and non metal or polyatomics. - metal and non metal or polyatomics. CovalentCovalent- we will just learn the rules for 2 - we will just learn the rules for 2
non-metals.non-metals.
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Ionic compoundsIonic compounds If the cation is monoatomic- Name the If the cation is monoatomic- Name the
metal (cation) just write the name.metal (cation) just write the name. If the cation is polyatomic- name it.If the cation is polyatomic- name it. If the anion is monoatomic- name it but If the anion is monoatomic- name it but
change the ending to change the ending to –ide.–ide. If the anion is poly atomic- just name itIf the anion is poly atomic- just name it Practice.Practice.
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Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds Two words, with prefixes.Two words, with prefixes. Prefixes tell you how many.Prefixes tell you how many. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona, mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona,
decadeca First element whole name with the First element whole name with the
appropriate prefix, except mono.appropriate prefix, except mono. Second element, Second element, -ide -ide ending with ending with
appropriate prefix.appropriate prefix. PracticePractice
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More NamingMore Naming
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Ionic compoundsIonic compounds If the cation is monoatomic- Name the If the cation is monoatomic- Name the
metal (cation) just write the name.metal (cation) just write the name. If the cation is polyatomic- name itIf the cation is polyatomic- name it If the anion is monoatomic- name it but If the anion is monoatomic- name it but
change the ending to change the ending to -ide-ide If the anion is poly atomic- just name itIf the anion is poly atomic- just name it practicepractice
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Have to know what ions they formHave to know what ions they form off table, polyatomic, or figure it outoff table, polyatomic, or figure it out CaSCaS KK22SS
AlPOAlPO44
KK22SOSO44
FeSFeS CoICoI33
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds FeFe22(C(C22OO44))
MgOMgO MnOMnO
KMnOKMnO44
NHNH44NONO33
HgHg22ClCl22
CrCr22OO33
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds KClOKClO44
NaClONaClO33
YBrOYBrO22
Cr(ClO)Cr(ClO)66
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Naming Covalent CompoundsNaming Covalent Compounds Two words, with prefixesTwo words, with prefixes Prefixes tell you how many.Prefixes tell you how many. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona, mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, septa, nona,
decadeca First element whole name with the First element whole name with the
appropriate prefix, except monoappropriate prefix, except mono Second element, Second element, -ide -ide ending with appropriate ending with appropriate
prefixprefix PracticePractice
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COCO22
CO CO CClCCl44
NN22OO44
XeFXeF66
NN44OO44
PP22OO1010
Naming Covalent CompoundsNaming Covalent Compounds
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Writing FormulasWriting Formulas Two sets of rules, ionic and covalentTwo sets of rules, ionic and covalent To decide which to use, decide what the To decide which to use, decide what the
first word is.first word is. If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic.If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic. If it is a non-metal use covalent.If it is a non-metal use covalent.
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Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Charges must add up to zero.Charges must add up to zero. Get charges from table, name of metal ion, Get charges from table, name of metal ion,
or memorized from the list.or memorized from the list. Use parenthesis to indicate multiple Use parenthesis to indicate multiple
polyatomics.polyatomics.
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Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the nitride - ide tells you it comes from the
tabletable nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3
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Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 Nitride - ide tells you it comes from the Nitride - ide tells you it comes from the
tabletable nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3 Doesn’t add up to zero.Doesn’t add up to zero.
Na+1 N-3
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Ionic FormulasIonic Formulas Sodium nitrideSodium nitride sodium- Na is always +1sodium- Na is always +1 nitride - ide tells you it comes from the tablenitride - ide tells you it comes from the table nitride is Nnitride is N-3-3 Doesn’t add up to zeroDoesn’t add up to zero Need 3 NaNeed 3 Na
Na+1 N-3 Na3N
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Sodium sulfiteSodium sulfite calcium iodidecalcium iodide Lead (II) oxide Lead (II) oxide Lead (IV) oxideLead (IV) oxide Mercury (I) sulfideMercury (I) sulfide Barium chromateBarium chromate Aluminum hydrogen sulfateAluminum hydrogen sulfate Cerium (IV) nitriteCerium (IV) nitrite
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Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds The name tells you how to write the The name tells you how to write the
formulaformula duhduh Sulfur dioxideSulfur dioxide diflourine monoxidediflourine monoxide nitrogen trichloridenitrogen trichloride diphosphorus pentoxidediphosphorus pentoxide
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More Names and formulasMore Names and formulas
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AcidsAcids Substances that produce HSubstances that produce H++ ions when ions when
dissolved in water.dissolved in water. All acids begin with H.All acids begin with H. Two types of acids: Two types of acids: OxyacidsOxyacids Non-oxyacidsNon-oxyacids
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Naming acidsNaming acids If the formula has oxygen in itIf the formula has oxygen in it write the name of the anion, but change write the name of the anion, but change
– ate to -ic acidate to -ic acid– ite to -ous acidite to -ous acid
Watch out for sulfWatch out for sulfururic and sulfic and sulfururousous
HH22CrOCrO44
HMnOHMnO44
HNOHNO22
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Naming acidsNaming acids If the acid doesn’t have oxygenIf the acid doesn’t have oxygen add the prefix hydro-add the prefix hydro- change the suffix -ide to -ic acidchange the suffix -ide to -ic acid HClHCl HH22SS
HCNHCN
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Formulas for acidsFormulas for acids Backwards from names.Backwards from names. If it has hydro- in the name it has no oxygenIf it has hydro- in the name it has no oxygen Anion ends in -ideAnion ends in -ide No hydro, anion ends in -ate or -iteNo hydro, anion ends in -ate or -ite Write anion and add enough H to balance Write anion and add enough H to balance
the charges.the charges.
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Formulas for acidsFormulas for acids hydrofluoric acidhydrofluoric acid dichromic aciddichromic acid carbonic acidcarbonic acid hydrophosphoric acidhydrophosphoric acid hypofluorous acidhypofluorous acid perchloric acidperchloric acid phosphorous acid phosphorous acid
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HydratesHydrates Some salts trap water crystals when they Some salts trap water crystals when they
form crystals.form crystals. These are hydrates.These are hydrates. Both the name and the formula needs to Both the name and the formula needs to
indicate how many water molecules are indicate how many water molecules are trapped.trapped.
In the name we add the word hydrate with a In the name we add the word hydrate with a prefix that tells us how many water prefix that tells us how many water molecules. molecules.
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HydratesHydrates In the formula you put a dot and then write In the formula you put a dot and then write
the number of molecules.the number of molecules. Calcium chloride dihydrate = CaClCalcium chloride dihydrate = CaCl2222 Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate = Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate =
Cr(NOCr(NO33))33 6H 6H22O O