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Unit 3: Genetics
3.0 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): A molecule that contains information for an organism’s growth and functions.
3.1 DNA is made of two strands joined like a twisted ladder called a double helix.
3.2 Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure in 1953.
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3.3 Chromosomes: Thread-like structures found in the nucleus made of tightly packed DNA.
3.4 Each species of organism has a constant number of chromosomes.
Ex: Humans have 46 chromosomes
Fruit flies have 8 chromosomes
Ferns (plant) have 100 chromosomes.
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Cell Division3.5 Cell Division: A process when a
single cell becomes two cells.
3.6 Cell Division is needed for growth, development, and repair.
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3.7 Cell Cycle: The normal pattern of development and division of a cell.
3.8 Two main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase and Mitosis
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3.9 Interphase: The part of the cell cycle when the cell grows and carries out normal functions. A cell spends most of its life in this phase. This is the phase when the DNA is replicated.
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3.10 Mitosis: The process that divides the nucleus in cells, therefore the genetic material (DNA) divides too.
3.11 Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm.
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3.12 When mitosis and cytokinesis are done there are two new identical cells that are genetically the same. (meaning they have the same DNA)
3.13 The cell that divides is called a parent cell. The two cells that result are called daughter cells.
Parent Cell
Daughter Cell
Daughter Cell
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Steps of Mitosis1. Prophase- Chromosomes appear
2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up
3. Anaphase- Chromosomes separate
4. Telophase- New cells form
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3.14 Meiosis: Cell division producing 4 “reproductive cells” (sperm or egg cells) that contain half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
4646
46
23
23
23
23
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
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3.15 Gene: is a segment of DNA that explains a particular trait, such as hair color or eye color.
3.16 Humans have 30,000 genes. Some traits are not determined by just one gene.
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What are these?
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3.17 Gene Splicing: The process of cutting out a particular gene and placing it into a new DNA strand.
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3.18 Benefits of Gene Splicing: – 1. Genetically engineered medicine
(Examples: Insulin and Hepatitis B vaccine)
– 2. Genetically modified foods (GMOs) To produce more and better food.
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Process of Gene Splicing
1. Identify trait that is desired. (Glowing Jellyfish)2. Take 1 cell.3. Take 1 chromosome from the nucleus.4. Slice 1 gene from the DNA.5. Place gene in another chromosome.6. Put chromosome in the nucleus of a cell.7. Place cell in desired organism.8. New organism has brand NEW TRAIT.
(Glowing Goldfish)
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3.19 Heredity: The passing of genes from parents to child.
3.20 Children get half their genes from mom and half their genes from dad.
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3.21 Alleles: are 2 different forms of the same gene (one from each parent)
Example: B = the allele for brown eyes
b = the allele for blue eyes
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3.22 Dominant vs Recessive:
B (brown eyes) is the dominant allele.
b (blue eyes) is the recessive allele.
3.23 Homozygous = BB or bb
3.24 Heterozygous = Bb
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3.25 Punnett Square: Shows how two parents’ alleles might combine in child.
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Practice Punnett Square
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3.26 Phenotype: (what you see) the appearance of a trait. Example: blue or brown eyes.
3.27 Genotype: The actual gene make-up. Example: BB, Bb, bb
3.28 Probability: is the likelihood, or chance, something will happen.
Example: 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 0%
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3.29 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- The long ladder shaped molecule that contains the coded information of the genes.
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3.30 DNA Replication: To produce 2 news cells the DNA molecule unzips and replicates into 2 new DNA molecules.
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3.31 DNA Mutation: When a mistake occurs during replication and one of the rungs of the DNA ladder is substituted with another rung.