Download - Unit 2A Human Form & Function
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Unit 2A
Human Form & Function
Unit 2A
Human Form & Function
Cells, metabolism & regulation
Metabolism
Cells, metabolism & regulation
Metabolism
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Please completePlease completeHuman Perspectives
2A/2BRead
Chapter 4Do
RQ 1,3,4,5,6,7 and 8AYK 1, 3, 4
Human Perspectives 2A/2B
ReadChapter 4
DoRQ 1,3,4,5,6,7 and 8AYK 1, 3, 4
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MetabolismMetabolism
Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that take place in the body.
These chemical processes convert the food you eat into the energy and materials needed for all life processes.
Metabolism is the total of all the chemical processes that take place in the body.
These chemical processes convert the food you eat into the energy and materials needed for all life processes.
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Inputs and outputsInputs and outputs
O2
H2O
Nutrients
CO2
Metabolic wastes(e.g. urea)H2O, salts
?
Metabolism
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Anabolism & catabolism
Anabolism & catabolism
Metabolic processes can be regarded as either anabolic or catabolic.
Metabolic processes can be regarded as either anabolic or catabolic.
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CatabolismCatabolism
Catabolic reactions are destructive metabolic processes during which complex substances are broken down into simpler ones.
Catabolic processes release energy.
Cellular respiration is a good example of a catabolic process.
Catabolic reactions are destructive metabolic processes during which complex substances are broken down into simpler ones.
Catabolic processes release energy.
Cellular respiration is a good example of a catabolic process.
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Cellular respirationCellular respiration
Summary equation
glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide
6C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2
Summary equation
glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide
6C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6H2O + 6CO2
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Where?Where?
The first stage of cellular respiration (the anaerobic stage) takes place in the cytoplasm
The aerobic stages takes place in the mitochondria
The first stage of cellular respiration (the anaerobic stage) takes place in the cytoplasm
The aerobic stages takes place in the mitochondria
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
(cristae)
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Respiration - summaryRespiration - summary
WATER+
34 ATP
CARBONDIOXIDE
+2 ATP
OXYGEN
GLUCOSE
PYRUVATE
ACETYL COENZYME A
KREBSCYCLE
2 ATP
ELECTRONTRANSFER
CHAIN
GLYCOLYSIS
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GlycolysisGlycolysis
Breaks down one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) to produce two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid - C3H4O3).
Yields two molecules of ATP.
Takes place in the cytoplasm.
Requires no oxygen.
Breaks down one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) to produce two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid - C3H4O3).
Yields two molecules of ATP.
Takes place in the cytoplasm.
Requires no oxygen.
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Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)The series of reactions during which
pyruvate (via acetyl coenzyme A) is completely broken down to C02
Yields 36 molecules of ATP.
Takes place in the mitochondria.
Requires oxygen.
The series of reactions during which pyruvate (via acetyl coenzyme A) is completely broken down to C02
Yields 36 molecules of ATP.
Takes place in the mitochondria.
Requires oxygen.
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ATPATP
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
Energy from the Krebs cycle is used to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to the energy-rich compound, ATP.
Energy is stored in cells as ATP.
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
Energy from the Krebs cycle is used to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to the energy-rich compound, ATP.
Energy is stored in cells as ATP.
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When a phosphate molecule is stripped from ATP energy is released and ATP becomes ADP again.
Energy released by this process is available to do biological work (e.g. muscle contraction).
When a phosphate molecule is stripped from ATP energy is released and ATP becomes ADP again.
Energy released by this process is available to do biological work (e.g. muscle contraction).
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The ATP-ADP cycleThe ATP-ADP cycle
ENERGY OUT
ENERGY IN
ADP ATP
ADP + P
ATP - P
PHOSPHATE POOL
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Biological uses of energy
Biological uses of energy
60-80% of the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP is heat energy, which maintains of our body temperature. The remaining energy is used for important biological processes such as:
60-80% of the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP is heat energy, which maintains of our body temperature. The remaining energy is used for important biological processes such as:
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• muscle contraction active transport across cell
membranes• synthesis of large molecules needed
for growth and repair• transmission of nerve impulses• cell division• cellular activities such as the
movement of substances in the cell.
• muscle contraction active transport across cell
membranes• synthesis of large molecules needed
for growth and repair• transmission of nerve impulses• cell division• cellular activities such as the
movement of substances in the cell.
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AnabolismAnabolism
Anabolic reactions construct complex substances from simpler ones.
Anabolic processes use energy.
Protein synthesis is an example of an anabolic process
Anabolic reactions construct complex substances from simpler ones.
Anabolic processes use energy.
Protein synthesis is an example of an anabolic process
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Protein synthesisProtein synthesis
Proteins are long chains of amino acids
There are 20 common amino acids
Proteins are long chains of amino acids
There are 20 common amino acids
His MetPhe
His
Glu
Pro
Cys
Cys
MAGlu
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Instruction for the assembly of proteins (the number and sequence of the amino acids) is carried by DNA in the cell nucleus (see chapter 18).
Ribosomes are protein construction sites.
Instruction for the assembly of proteins (the number and sequence of the amino acids) is carried by DNA in the cell nucleus (see chapter 18).
Ribosomes are protein construction sites.
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Amino acids and proteins
Amino acids and proteins
Model of the protein interferon
Model of the amino acid, cystine
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Most ribosomes line the endoplasmic reticulum (some float free in the
cytosol)
Most ribosomes line the endoplasmic reticulum (some float free in the
cytosol)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Cytosol
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Ribosomes are made of RNA and consist of a large sub-unit and
small sub-unit.
Ribosomes are made of RNA and consist of a large sub-unit and
small sub-unit.
Small sub-unit
Large sub-unit
Amino acids
Protein
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Basal metabolic rate - BMR
Basal metabolic rate - BMR
The smallest amount of energy that can sustain life
(i.e. of amount of energy needed to keep the body functioning at rest)
The smallest amount of energy that can sustain life
(i.e. of amount of energy needed to keep the body functioning at rest)
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Study GuideStudy Guide
Read:Our Human Species
Chapter 2, section 3Chapter 3, section 3
Complete:Workbook
Topic 1, Metabolism
Read:Our Human Species
Chapter 2, section 3Chapter 3, section 3
Complete:Workbook
Topic 1, Metabolism