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MAPPING THE EARTHHOW DO YOU FIND A LOCATION ON THE EARTH?
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UNIT TOPICS
• TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Essential Question:
How do you find a location on the Earth?
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Map: Representation of an area used to show physical features and exact locations
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Latitude: Measuring lines running parallel to the equator
• Also called parallels
• These lines NEVER intersect
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Equator: Main reference line of latitude (0°); divides Earth into Northern & Southern Hemispheres
• The North Pole is 90° north latitude
• The South Pole is 90° south latitude
Northern Hemisphere
SouthernHemisphere
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
Label the Equator, Northern & Southern Hemispheres ANDdarken the latitude lines in your notes!
Equator
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Finding your latitude
• The altitude (angle) of Polaris is equal to your latitude
Horizon = 0°
Zenith = 90° Altitude of Polaris = 56.5°
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Longitude: Measuring lines that measure distance East and West of the Prime Meridian
• Also called meridians
• Prime Meridian: Main reference line of longitude (0°); divides Earth into Eastern & Western Hemispheres
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
Label the Prime Meridian, Eastern & Western HemispheresANDdarken the longitude lines in your notes!
Prime Meridian Eastern Hemisphere
Western HemisphereInternational Date Line
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• The Prime meridian is 0° longitude
• The International Date Line is 180°east or west of the Prime Meridian
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Combine latitude and longitude to get a coordinate
Darken the latitude & longitude lines on the grid in your notes!
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Be sure you include direction with both latitude and longitude
• Example: 20°30’ N and 75°30’ E
• Sub-divisions of Latitude and Longitude
• One degree is divided into 60 minutes (60’)
• One minute can be divided into 60 seconds (60”)
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
• Time Zones
• Earth’s rotation (spin) is the basis for local time
• The Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours
• Earth rotates on an imaginary axis at 15° per hour
• Earth is divided into 24 (15°) time zones
• Each time zone is 1 hour different
• Each time zone covers 15° of longitude
• There are 6 time zones in the United States
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
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TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
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QUESTIONS?
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Essential Question:
What are the different types of field maps?
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Field: A region with a measurable quantity at every location
• Example: Ocean temperature
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Isolines: Lines that are drawn on a field map to connect all the points on that map with equal values
• Example: Precipitation amounts (in inches)
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Points represent values of data found at a specific location
• To construct a field map, connect the points of equal data
• Do not connect every value… just whole numbers
• Isolines form complete circles or end at the edge of the map
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
Use a 10°isolineinterval to create a field map in your notes
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Different Types of Isoline
• Isotherm: lines that connect equal points of temperature
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Different Types of Isoline
• Isohyet: lines that connect equal points of rainfall amounts
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Different Types of Isoline
• Isobar: lines that connect equal points of air pressure
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Different Types of Isoline
• Contour Line: lines that connect equal points of elevation
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
• Gradient (slope): rate of change from one place to another
From the ESRT page 1:
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
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TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS
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QUESTIONS?
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Essential Question:
How do topographic maps help us interpret our planet?
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Topographic Maps (contour maps): Commonly-used model showing the elevation field of Earth’s surface
• Topographic maps show three-dimensional (3D) shapes in two dimensions (2D)
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Elevation: height above or below sea level
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Natural Features: features that are created by nature
• Examples: mountains, hills, lakes, and rivers
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Cultural Features: features that are created by humans
• Examples: roads, cities, buildings, and dams
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Contour Lines: Lines drawn on a map that connect points of equal elevation
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Contour Interval: The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines
• The contour interval is usually found on the map key and legend
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Index Contour: lines that are BOLD and have an elevation labeled on a map
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Gentle Slope: when contour lines are spaced far apart
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Steep Slope: when contour lines are spaced close together
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• When contour lines cross a river, they bend upstream
• Note: rivers flow the opposite direction the contour lines point
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Benchmark: a marker that shows the exact latitude, longitude, and elevation of that position
• Labeled on a map as BM.X.
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Depression Contours: marked with small lines (called hachured lines) that are pointed towards the center of the depression (dip)
• This allows you to distinguish a hill from a hole
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Calculating the Highest Point:
1. Find the last (highest) contour line on that hill
2. Imagine you drew another line
3. Subtract one from the imaginary line you just “drew”
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Contour Line Rules:
1. Contour lines close around hills, basins, and depressions or extend to the edge of the map
2. Contour lines never EVER cross
3. Contour lines form V’s that point upstream whenever crossing a stream
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Topographic Profile: the side view of a geologic feature (ex.: what you see when looking at a mountain, volcano, hill, valley)
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Creating a Topographic Profile:
1. You need 2 points AND a horizontal grid (ex.: piece of paper) to measure between the 2 points
2. Transfer the points from the map to the horizontal grid
3. Connect the points with a smooth line to draw a profile
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TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
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QUESTIONS?
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Essential Question:
What are the different landscape regions in New York?
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• New York State contains many different landscape regions characterized by different elevations and various rock types
• High Elevations: mountains & highlands
• Medium Elevations: plateaus
• Low Elevations: plains & lowlands
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Atlantic Coastal Plain: landscape region formed during the Cretaceous and Pleistocene (time periods)
• Composition: sedimentary rock
• Elevation: low
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Manhattan Prong: landscape region formed during the Cambrian and Ordovician (time periods)
• Composition: metamorphic rock
• Elevation: low
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Hudson Highlands/Taconic Mountains: landscape region formed during the middle of the Proterozoic (time period)
• Composition: metamorphic rock
• Elevation: high
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Hudson/Mohawk Lowlands: landscape region formed during the Ordovician (time period)
• Composition: sedimentary rock
• Elevation: low
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Adirondack Mountains: landscape region formed during the middle of the Proterozoic Cambrian (time period)
• Composition: metamorphic rock
• Elevation: high
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Tug Hill Plateau: landscape region formed during the Ordovician (time period)
• Composition: sedimentary rock
• Elevation: medium
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Erie-Ontario Lowlands: landscape region formed during the Silurian (time period)
• Composition: sedimentary rock
• Elevation: low
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• St. Lawrence Lowlands: landscape region formed during the Ordovician and Cambrian (time periods)
• Composition: sedimentary rock
• Elevation: low
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TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES
• Allegheny Plateau/Catskills: landscape region formed during the Devonian (time period)
• Composition: sedimentary rock
• Elevation: medium
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QUESTIONS?