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UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
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GOALS
• CONSTRUCT A HIERARCHY OF LIFE FROM CELLS TO ECOSYSTEMS
• RELATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY TO CURRENT TRENDS IN CELLULAR BIOLOGY
• COMPARE AND CONTRACT EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES
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CELL HIERARCHY
CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
Smallest unit of life
Groups of cells with similar function
Two or more types of tissues that work together
Group of organs that carry out a set of functions
Has several organ systems that function together
Ex: Skin cell Ex: Muscle Ex: Heart Ex: Respiratory system
Ex: Human
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ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
• USED SINGLE-LENS MICROSCOPE TO OBSERVE POND WATER• FOUND TINY LIVING ORGANISMS
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THEODOR SCHWANN*
• GERMAN BIOLOGIST WHO STATED THAT ALL ANIMALS WERE MADE OF CELLS
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MATTHIAS SCHLEIDAN*
• GERMAN BOTANIST THAT STATED ALL PLANTS WERE MADE OF CELLS
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RUDOLPH VIRCHOW*
• GERMAN DOCTOR CONCLUDED THAT NEW CELLS WOULD BE PRODUCED ONLY FROM THE DIVISION OF NEW CELLS
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CELL THEORY
• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS
• CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS
• NEW CELLS ARE PRODUCED FROM EXISTING CELLS
• CENTRAL PIECE OF EQUIPMENT: MICROSCOPE
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NUCLEUS
• LARGE MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED STRUCTURE THAT CONTAINS DNA
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PROKARYOTES
• CELLS THAT DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS
• SMALLER
• SIMPLER
• BACTERIA
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EUKARYOTES
• CELLS THAT DO CONTAIN A NUCLEUS
• LARGER
• MORE COMPLEX
• DNA IN NUCLEUS, MANY INTERNAL STRUCTURES
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GOALS
• DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF ORGANELLES, RIBOSOMES & CYTOSKELETON
• COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURES OF AN ANIMAL CELL TO A PLANT CELL
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WHAT’S AN ORGANELLE?
• THINK OF IT AS A “CELL ORGAN”
• ONLY FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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NUCLEUS
• CONTAINS THE CELL’S DNA
• SURROUNDED BY NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
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RIBOSOMES
• ASSEMBLE (PUT TOGETHER) PROTEINS BY FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE NUCLEUS
• SMALL PARTICLES OF RNA & PROTEIN
• FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM OR ON THE ROUGH ER
• SMALL MACHINE IN A FACTORY
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (MAKING PROTEINS)
• RIBOSOMES ARE ON THE SURFACE…THAT’S WHAT MAKES IT ROUGH!
• PROTEINS LEAVE THE RIBOSOMES, GO INTO THE ROUGH ER
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• NO RIBOSOMES ON SURFACE
• CONTAINS ENZYMES
• SYNTHESIZE (MAKE) MEMBRANE LIPIDS
• DETOXIFY DRUGS
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GOLGI BODIES
• PROTEINS GO FROM ROUGH ER TO GOLGI APPARATUS
• MODIFIES, SORTS AND PACKAGES PROTEINS
• THEN SHIPS PROTEINS TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION
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LYSOSOMES
• FILLED WITH ENZYMES
• BREAKDOWN LIPIDS, CARBS AND PROTEINS
• BREAKDOWN OLD ORGANELLES
• THINK OF THEM AS THE “CLEAN UP CREW”
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VACUOLES
• STORE MATERIALS LIKE WATER, SALTS, PROTEINS AND CARBS
• SACLIKE STRUCTURE
• CAN BE FOUND IN SOME SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS FOR MOVEMENT
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CENTRAL (LARGE) VACUOLE
• PLANT CELLS HAVE SINGLE LARGE VACUOLE FILLED WITH LIQUID• GIVES STRENGTH TO PLANTS TO HOLD UP LEAVES AND FLOWERS
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MITOCHONDRIA
• CELL “POWER HOUSE”
• TWO MEMBRANES
• CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM FOOD INTO COMPOUNDS THE CELL CAN USE
• ONLY INHERITED FROM MOM
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CHLOROPLAST
• FOUND IN PLANTS
• CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT AND CONVERT IT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• THINK OF “SOLAR POWER PLANTS”
• TWO MEMBRANES
• CONTAIN PIGMENT (COLOR)-CHLOROPHYLL
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MOVING ON TO STRUCTURE…
• MICROTUBULE-HOLLOW STRUCTURES MADE OF PROTEINS, HELP WITH CELL SHAPE
• MICROFILAMENT-THREADLIKE STRUCTURES MADE OF PROTEIN
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CENTRIOLES
• LOCATED NEAR THE NUCLEUS
• FOUND IN PAIRS
• ORGANIZE CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS/MEIOSIS)
• MADE OF MICROTUBULES
• NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS
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CELL WALL
• FOUND IN PLANTS
• PROVIDES SUPPORT AND PROTECTION FOR THE CELL
• MADE OF CELLULOSE (WHICH IS A CARB!)• WOOD AND PAPER
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CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE
• DETERMINES WHAT ENTERS AND EXITS THE CELL
• PROVIDES PROTECTION AND SUPPORT
• COMPOSED OF LIPID BILAYER (DOUBLE-LAYERED SHEETS)
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CYTOPLASM
• THICK SOLUTION-THINK OF “GOO”• MADE OF WATER, SALTS AND PROTEINS
• PORTION OF THE CELL OUTSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS
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CYTOSKELETON
• IN EUKARYOTES
• HELPS SUPPORT THE CELL (SHAPE)
• HELPS WITH MOVEMENT-CILIA AND FLAGELLA• THINK OF HAIR AND TAILS
• MADE UP OF MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES
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PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELL
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GOALS
• RELATE THE FUNCTION OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO ITS STRUCTURE
• COMPARE AND CONTRAST ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS:
• DIFFUSION
• OSMOSIS
• ENDOCYTOSIS
• EXOCYTOSIS
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
• PINOCYTOSIS
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PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
• BASIC LIPID:
• HYDROPHILIC-WATER LOVING (POLAR)
• HYDROPHOBIC-WATER FEARING (NONPOLAR)
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PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
• TWO LAYERS OF LIPID MOLECULES
• FOUND IN ALL CELL MEMBRANES
• BARRIER FOR THE CELL (ALLOWS THINGS IN AND OUT)
• ONLY ALLOWS WATER AND GAS TO PASS THROUGH FREELY
• LARGE AND SMALL POLAR MOLECULES CANNOT CROSS
WITHOUT HELP
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PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
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PROTEINS
• ALLOW FOR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CELLS
• TWO TYPES IN MEMBRANE:• INTEGRAL-EMBEDDED, SPAN THE ENTIRE MEMBRANE
• PERIPHERAL-ON EDGE OF MEMBRANE, MOVE MORE FREELY
• TRAVEL!
• ALSO CAN TRANSMIT SIGNALS
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CARBOHYDRATES
• ATTACHED TO PROTEISN OR LIPIDS OUTSIDE CELL MEMBRANE
• PROVIDES CUSHIONING AND PROTECTION FOR THE MEMBRANE
• HELPS WITH CELL RECOGNITION
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CHOLESTEROL
• HELPS TO KEEP FLUIDITY
• POSITIONED BETWEEN PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• PREVENTS POSSIBLE CRYSTALLIZATION
• MADE UP OF 4 RINGS (STRUCTURE)
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GOALS
• COMPARE AND CONTRAST ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• DIFFUSION
• OSMOSIS
• ENDOCYTOSIS
• EXOCYTOSIS
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
• PINOCYTOSIS
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• NO ENERGY REQUIRED
• MOVE FROM AN AREA THAT IS MORE CONCENTRATED TO LESS CONCENTRATED
• WITH THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• EX: DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
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DIFFUSION
• PARTICLES MOVE FROM MORE CONCENTRATED TO LESS
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EQUILIBRIUM
• CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTE IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM
Equilibrium
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OSMOSIS
• DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
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OSMOSIS
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT• ENERGY IS REQUIRED
• MOVE FROM AN AREA THAT IS LESS CONCENTRATED TO MORE CONCENTRATED
• AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• EXAMPLES: ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS
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ENDOCYTOSIS• TAKING THINGS INTO THE CELL BY FOLDING THE CELL MEMBRANE
• PHAGOCYTOSIS: EXTENSIONS FROM CYTOPLASM SURROUND A PARTICLE AND PACKAGE IT IN A FOOD VACUOLE. THE CELL THEN ENGULFS IT (THINK OF THE CELL AS EATING IT )
• PINOCYTOSIS: CELLS TAKE IN WATER AND POCKETS FORM IN THE MEMBRANE. THEY PINCH OFF TO FORM VACUOLES IN THE CELL.
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EXOCYTOSIS
• MEMBRANE OF A VACUOLE STICKS TO CELL MEMBRANE AND FORCES THE CONTENTS OUT OF THE CELL
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ENDOCYTOSIS VS. EXOCYTOSIS