Unit 11Country case studies:
Canada, NL
+ 3 student presentations
4th May 2005, Laura Laubeova
www.tolerance.cz
Canada300 years of immigration 1996 CENSUS OF CANADA TABULATIONS: ethnic origin, official language, home language
12, 5 mil., 44% other than Br, Fr, Canad.5, 3 mil (19%) only Can.4, 9 mil (17%) only Br2,7 mil (10%´) only Fr
Diversity in regions
W. Provinces –
over 60% other then Br, Fr, Can
Saskatchewan-
61% other, 7% Aborig.;
Territories-
37% Aborig.
Ethnic min. larger than 900 tho.:
Germans (2mil.),
Ital., Ukraine (1 mil.),
Chinese, Dutch (0,9 mil.)
Larger than 350 tho.:
Scandinavians,
Poles,
South Asians (600 tho.),
Caribbean,
Jews
Non- European:
Aborid.,
Chinese,
South Asians,
Philippinos,
Latin Americans
Minorities (non Fr, Br, Can):
Germans - Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Atlant. Provincies
Ital. - Quebec (then Aboridg.)
Aborid. - Territories
Visible minorities
- in Employment Equity Act:
Persons other than aboriginal peoples, who are non- Caucasian in ´race´ or non-white in colour, other origin than European
Since 1996 – question No. 19
Do you belong to..?
1999- 3 mil. (11,2%).
Visible minorities
Over a half (1,7 mil.) in Ontario,
41% in cities (Toronto, Vancouver. Montreal.
Largest - Chinese (800 tho.), South Asians, Blacks
Most Chinese are immigrants (75%);
Japanese and Blacks were rather born in Canada (65%, 42 %)
Designated groups
Employment Equity Act apart from visible minorities
4 designated groups:Women
AboriginalsDisabled
Immigrants
5 mil immigrants - 17 % (1996).
cf. 1951 only 2 mil.
13 % (655 tho.) born in UK
7% (330 tho.) in It.
5% in China, India, USA
Definition of an immigrant:
1. CIC (Citizenship and Immigration Canada) – who received a permit for permanent settlement
2. Census of Canada –
who was not born in Canada
"What Country are you a Citizen of?"
Languages:
official (Fr, Engl.) + non-official "home languages“ Home language is defined as the language most
often spoken at home.
(Statistics Canada collected information on English, French and a maximum of one non-official language)
Languages:
17% (4,9 mil)
other mother tongue than Fr or Engl.
10% (3 mil)
speaks at home with other tongue
than Fr or Engl.
Home languages
Chinese (half mil)
Italian
Panjabi
Spanish
Portugeese
Home languages
12 out of 20 most spread home language are non-European
Chines, Panjabi, Arab,
Tagalog, Vietnamese, Tamil,
Cree, Farsi, Korean,
Urdu, Guajarati, Hindu
Source:
Multicultural Canada, A Demographic Overview, Strategic Research and Business Planning, Dept. of Canadian Heritage, 1998
Etc. , vide bellow
MCP
Official Languages act in 1969
Official policy of Multiculturalism in 1971
Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988
1997 Renewed multiculturalism programme
Nunavat
1 April 1999
Inuktitut
Resources:
Employment Equity Act 1986
Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1988
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982
Official Languages act 1969
Canadian Bill of Rights 1960
Canadian Citizenship Act 1947
Canada Year Book 1997, Minister of Industry, 1996
Canadian Heritage: Multicultural Program, Respect, Equality, Diversity, Program Guidelines, July 1998
The Evidence Series, Facts About Multiculturalism, May 21, 1998 - volume 1, July 21, 1998- volume 2, September 21 1998- volume 3**
Profile, Newsletter of the Royal Society of Canada, Vol.5, No.1, Spring 1997
Breton, Raymond: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism: English Canada and Quebec in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, ed. (1996) Ethnicity, Oxford- New York: Oxford University Press
The Netherlands
16 mil.
Immigrants of Western descent: 1, 4 mil. (8%)
Immigrants of non-Western descent: 1, 6 mil. (incl. 2nd generation) – 10%
Total immigrants 18 %
Classic groups
Turkey 331 000 2%
Suriname 315 000
Morocco 284 000
Antilles/Aruba 125 000
New Groups
Iraq 41 000
Afghanistan 31 000
Somalia 29 000
Iran 27 000
Cf Rotterdam figures!
Integration policy:
Coordination:
Ministry of Justice
(Minister for Immigration and Integration) + other ministries
Implementation
municipalities
Integration system:
Obligatory programmes for „newcomers“
20 000 newcomers every year
Voluntary programmes for „oldcomers“
Stock of about 464 000 oldcomers
Newcomers Integration Act (30 Sept. 1998)
Policy document on oldcomers (June 2001)
Dual paths
Funding:
Newcomers: 177 million Euro (2001)
Oldcomers: 100 million Euro (2002)
Antidiscrimination:
Equal treatment legislation since 1994
The Equal Treatment Act (ETA)/ The Equal Treatment Commission (semi-judicial)
Race+ ethnic origin, religion, belief, political opinion, nationality, sexual orientation and civil status (not handicap and age- cf. EC Framework Directive)
ETA
Allows positive action as an exception to the general prohibition of unequal treatment: „prohibition shall not apply if the discrimination is aimed at putting members of ethnic and cultural minorities in a privileged position, in order to eliminate or reduce de facto inequalities. This preferential treatment has to be reasonably proportionate to that aim, and it should be abolished when equality is reached.
Wet SAMEN
Act on the stimulation of labour participation of ethnic minorities (Wet SAMEN):
Required organisations to reach proportionate participation of ethnic minorities in their staff. Wet SAMEN implemented Section 2.2 of ICERD-
The objectives of various laws include reaching de facto equality of minority groups on the labour market.
Rotterdam
600.000 inhabitants
second half of the 19th century, thousands of labourers mostly from the rural provinces
harbour related activities, Ruhr-area
WWI refugees.
20`s immigration diversified, eg Chinese
also East and Central Europe, who originally came
to catch the boat to America, but decided to stay.
Table 1 Population Rotterdam 1-1-2001 (Based on ethnicity, not nationality) Total population 595.389 100%Total immigrants 266.814 45%
Immigrants:
Ethnic minorities* 174.131 29% Other poor countries 41.380 7%Other rich countries 51.303 9%
*Ethnic minorities
Surinamese 51.100 9%Turks 41.467 7%
Moroccans 31.646 5%Antilleans 17.847 3%Cape-Verdians 14.650 2%Other South-Europe 17.421 3%
Table 2. Population Netherlands 1-1-2002(Based on ethnicity, not nationality) Total population 16.105.000 100%Total immigrants 2.965.000 18% Western immigrants 1.407.000 8%Non-western immigrants 1.558.000 10% Turks 331.000 2%Surinamese 315.000Moroccans 284.000Antilleans 125.000