Download - Unexpected Outcomes: The End of an Era
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Unexpected Outcomes:The End of an Era
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Yes, Détente had come to an end in 1979, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
And the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua (1979) also increased tensions:
The Soviets supported the Marxist Sandinistas.The U.S. sponsored their enemies, the Contras.
So, the latest arms treaty (SALT II - 1979) went unratified!
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• But the Soviet Economy was stagnating.
A. There were shortages of consumer goods. B. Soviet citizens waited on long lines. C. Yet communist officials lived lavishly.
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• Mikhail Gorbachev inherited a Soviet Union on the verge of collapse (1985-1991)
-He decided a thorough reform was in order!
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Gorbachev’s Reform: Perestroika (“restructuring”)
1. Tried to strengthen the Soviet economy A. Allowed limited free enterprise B. Loosened rules regarding private property
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Gorbachev Reform: Glasnost (“openness”)1. Provided for greater freedom of the press and media A. Hope that greater freedoms would lead to greater motivation in the economic sphere
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Gorbachev even began to loosen the Soviet Union’s grip on Eastern Europe!
A. His stance toward Eastern Europe contributed to a Nobel Peace Prize in 1990
1- Yes, Gorbachev informed East European communist leaders that the Soviet Union would not go to the financial expense of supporting them militarily
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A.Solidarity, a Polish labor union and political party under the leadership of Lech Walesa, was allowed to take part in nationwide elections in 1989, winning a huge victory and bringing a noncommunist leadership to power
B.The Hungarian Communist Party voted itself out of existence
C. And in Czechoslovakia’s “Velvet Revolution,” Vaclav Havel’s dissident movement, Civic Forum, swept to power
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And of course, there was German unification!
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But with freedom came unexpected consequences!
- On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as leader of the Soviet Union and at the same time declared an end to the USSR itself. - When people have choices and can vote, the outcome may surprise you.
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But in China, Deng Xiaoping reformed thecommand economy of Communism whilepreserving the communist political system.
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Deng introduced programs like “Four Modernizations” and the “Responsibility System” – programs that introduced elements of the free market into China’s economy.
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But while Deng Xiaoping introduced elements of the free market, he did NOT allow freedom of speech.
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