Understanding PhotosynthesisChapter 8
Academic Biology
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
Did you know
?
Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
__________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________.
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added!
In 1643-a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling.
Jan Van Helmont
seedling hadgained
soil unchanged
WATER
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something hecouldn’t see…__________________ from the air.carbon dioxide
water carbonCarbohydrates
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT1771- An English minister,
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.htmlhttp://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html
We now know it was …____________OXYGEN
Joseph Priestley
live plant
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ !
http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG
Jan Ingenhousz
light
EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1961- American chemist ________________________
received the Nobel prize for
figuring out the
chemical _______________
used by plants to make sugar
http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin
Melvin Calvin
pathway
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html
THE BIG PICTUREThese experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
6 CO2_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2→
In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
Photosynthesis
consumed
Reaction 1 → Product → X
Reaction 2 → Product Y
A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway
See a video about PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8B
PHOTOSYNTHESISLIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Did you know
?
http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg
Visible light is made up of many different_______________of light
Your eyes “see”different sizes ofwaves as different ___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
wavelengths
colors
Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Myth:
Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif
BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
REFLECTED
COLOR
This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue.
_______ light is ____________ to your eyes and itlooks BLUE
http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg
exceptabsorbs ALL
BLUEreflected
The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of thecolors __________________________
Red wavelengths are_________________ to your eyes and theshirt looks RED
http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9
except red
reflectedGO CATS!
Objects “look BLACK” because blackdye ________________ of thewavelengths of light.
When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave.
That is why wearing a blackT-shirt in the summer feelswarmer than wearing a white t-shirt.
http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif
absorbs ALL
ENERGY
The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.
_______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing whiteclothing is “cooler”.
REFLECTS ALL
LITTLE
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gifhttp://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg
Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING?
Images by: VanderWal
yellowPurple & yellow
green
Image by: VanderWal
Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect?
So green leaves____________ thegreen wavelength of light.
REFLECT
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.
pigments
By: VanderWal
The main energy absorbing moleculein green plants is___________________
_________________ are plant pigments too.(These look yellow, orange, and red)
CAROTENOIDS
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
CHLOROPHYLL
GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______the other colors and leaves usually look green
ALL THE TIME
hides
In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter.
FALL
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm
Then we can see thecarotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg
HIDDEN
red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a absorbs the_____ & ________wavelengths best.
It absorbs very little ______ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red violet
Blue
red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll babsorbs some ______light and even more_________ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red
Blue-violet
red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!GREEN
That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light!
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
REFLECTS
That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______;
so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy.
http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1
USE MORE
ABSORB
DOESN’T
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
THE ONESCHLOROPHYLLABSORBS THE BEST________ and_______________
red
Blue-violet
Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS
ENERGY & ELECTRONS
When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferredto electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif
HIGH ENERGY ____________make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS
Any Questions
?
Where does Photosynthesis
happen?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
= sac-like
photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids
membranes
inside chloroplast
THYLAKOIDSGRANUM (pl. grana)
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
SPACESTHYLAKOIDSPACE
STROMA
cytoplasm
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
Gel-filled spaceInside the thylakoid
sac
Gel-filled space inside
chloroplast surrounding
thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane
PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid
membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called _____________________PHOTOSYSTEMS
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS
Molecule that carries
= _______
Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
= ___________
ATP
NADP+
Images by Riedell
________ + _____ + _____ → ____________
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too
____________ is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy electrons.
NADP+
2 e- H+
_______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-Independent
Reactions
Light & Water
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
PHOTOSYSTEM II
ATP SYNTHASE
↓
↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
ELECTRON TRANSPORTSYSTEM
↓INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE
OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA
Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
PHOTOSYSTEM II
It was discovered and named 1st
↓
↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I?
Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION
(Part 2) 8D
Molecules moveautomatically from“where there’s high
[ ]” to “where there’s low [
]”
Animatioin from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif
REMEMBER
REMEMBER Diffusion happens anytime
there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another
= ________________________CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
REMEMBER
…as long as membrane will let molecule through
Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
SEE A MOVIEATP SYNTHASEIN ACTION
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONRequires ______________
Molecules are part of ________________
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
ATP
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
NADPHH20
oxygen
ATP SYNTHASE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-IndependentReactions
CALVIN CYCLE
Light & Water
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon SugarProduced
Calvin Cycle
See Calvin cycleanimation
CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in _________ between thylakoidsNADPH donates _______________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________ to make __________
LIGHT
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
ENERGY
STROMAHydrogen + electrons
Carbon & oxygenGLUCOSE
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
DOES NOT
Factors that Affect Photosynthesis____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG
Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss.
slow or stop
Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below
this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry outphotosynthesis only occasionally
TEMPERATURE
Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
THE BIG PICTUREPHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
the _____________ we breathe
and the __________
heterotrophs (like us)
consume to survive
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
OXYGEN
sugars
Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Concept Map
Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Light-dependentreactions
Calvin cycle
Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from
sunlight
ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars
Section 8-3
Concept Map