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Understanding Insecticidesor
101 Ways to Kill a Cockroach
Philip G. Koehler
Margie & Dempsey Sapp Endowed Professor of Urban Entomology
Department of Entomology
University of Florida
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Insecticide
• Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating insects.
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Modes of Action of Insecticides
Nervous System Energy Production
Cellular Toxins
Cuticular Disrupters
Growth and Metamorphosis
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Nervous System• Lethal spasms and seizures
• Insects flip on back
• Legs wiggle uncontrollably
Myths:Insecticide Causes Mad Cow Disease
by Fintan Dunne, Research by Kathy McMahonReprinted from eionews.com, email - [email protected]
Prions in human brains are damaged by lice lotions containing organophosphate. This can result in neurological diseases like CJD and Alzheimers later in life.
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Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
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Nerves and Pyrethroids
Sodium Channels
Direction of Nerve Impulse Repeated nerve firing
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Why do neurons like e-mail?
They like to send and receive lots of messages
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Pyrethroids
• Allethrin• Bifenthrin• Cyfluthrin• Permethrin• Cypermethrin• Deltamethrin• d-phenothrin• Tetramethrin
Synthetically produced chemicals based on biologically active compounds in pyrethrum plant
Irritating to skinAllergiesActive at low concentrationsLipophilic
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Talstar PL Granular: bifenthrin
• Unique sand core granular • Provides a 2 to 4 month
residual, supplying effective, long-term protection.
• Penetrates mulch and grass, with no watering needed.
• No odor • Low application rates
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Pyrethroids Effects
• Action on Human System - Irritant
• Systemic Effects - Minimal
• Irritation Effects - Stinging, burning, itching, tingling, numbness of skin.
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Cholinesterase
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
CarbamatesPhosphates
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
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Neuro-transmitters
Neuro-receptors
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What happens when a neurotransmitter falls
in love with a receptor?
You get a binding relationship
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Neurotransmitter and Receptor Types
• Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances– Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Dopamine (DA)
– Norepinephrine (NE)
– Serotonin (5-HT)
– Histamine
• Amino Acids– Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
– Glycine
– Glutamate
– Aspartate
Targeted by Insecticides
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors
• Organophosphates
• Carbamates
ACh
Receptors
Causes repeated nerve firing
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Organophosphates and Carbamates
• Organophosphates– Chlorpyrifos– Diazinon– Trichlorfon– Parathion
• Carbamates– carbaryl (Sevin)– propoxur (Baygon)
Chemicals which are derived from phosphoric and carbamic acid and bond with cholinesterase
Acute toxicityNot persistentHyper-excitationInsect flips on back with legs twitchingSulfur in formulation often causes strong odor
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Dursban: Chlorpyrifos
• Proven Residual Control– Effective control makes it the perfect product for
maintenance accounts.
– Ability to provide control for several weeks, keeps customers protected between treatments.
• Broad Label for Varied Applications– Broad labeling allows use for almost any application
indoors or out.
– Designed to be used in homes and apartments, hospitals, stores, manufacturing plants and warehouses.
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Organophosphate Effects• Action on Human System - Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
enzyme in tissues.
• Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating.
• Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin.
• Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness. Occasionally permanent harm to brain and nervous system.
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N-Methyl Carbamates Effects
• Action on Human System - Reversible changes in acetylcholinesterase enzyme in tissues.
• Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating.
• Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin.
• Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness.
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When does a brain get scared?
When it loses its nerve
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Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
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Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine Receptor• Nicotine
• Chloronicotinyls
• Fluoronicotinyls
ACh-receptors
ACh
MuscarinicReceptors
Nicotinic Receptors
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Chloronicotinyls
• Imidacloprid– Advantage -- pet treatment– Merit -- turf ornamentals– Premise -- termites
Affects insects first by paralyzing mouthpartsWater solubleSystemic in plantsSlow action
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Premise: Imidacloprid
• No odor • Not repellent to termites• Low risk to your family, your pets, your home• Premise causes a range of effects:
– Pests stop feeding
– Premise Plus Nature™. This phenomenon makes termites susceptible to infection by naturally occurring organisms.
• Lateral Soil Movement causes spread to ensure thorough soil coverage
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Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
chlordaneheptachlor
Cyclodienes
fipronil
Phenyl pyrazoles
GABA Receptor
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine Receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
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GABA
GABA receptor
GABA Receptor in Central Nervous System
• Phenyl pyrazoles
• or
• Fiproles
GABA-receptors
GABAChloride ions
Fipronil
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If some of Fred Flintstone's neurotransmitters
could talk, what would they say?
GABA-daba-doo
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Phenyl pyrazoles• Fipronil
– Chipco Choice -- mole crickets & grubs– Termidor -- termites– Regent -- corn– Frontline -- flea & tick– MaxForce FC -- cockroaches and ants
Most lipophilic insecticide ever discoveredPersistent in soilSpread among social insects on bodies4 months of residual on dogs (binds to oils
in sebaceous glands)cross-resistance from cyclodienes
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MaxForce FC: Fipronil
• Unique mode of action:– long-term control
– faster results than other ant and cockroach bait products
• Fipronil is a highly active, broad-spectrum insecticide from the phenyl pyrazole family– discovered in 1987
– low doses
– highly effective against a broad range of insect pests, including ants and roaches
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Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
abamectin
Avermectins
Glutamate Receptor
chlordaneheptachlor
Cyclodienes
fipronil
Fiproles
GABA Receptor
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine Receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
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Glutamate Receptor in Central Nervous System
• Avermectins– Abamectin
Glutamate-receptors
Glutamate
Glutamate
GlutamateReceptors
Abamectin
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Avermectins
• Abamectin– Avert -- cockroaches– Advance -- ants
Produced from soil microbials. Stomach poison for ants and cockroaches
slow actinglow toxicity to mammals
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Avert and Advance
• Attractive, long-lasting bait formulations
• Highly effective active ingredient
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Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
abamectin
Avermectins
Glutamate Receptor
chlordaneheptachlor
Cyclodienes
fipronil
Fiproles
GABA Receptor
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine Receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
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Why was the brain sent to the principal's office?
It had trouble controlling its impulses
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Mitochondrial Energy Disrupters
• Electron transport– Hydramethylnon
• Oxidative phosphorylation– Rotenone– Pyrroles
• chlorfenapyr
– Fluorinated sulfonamids• sulfluramid
Mitochondria
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Mitochondria Structures
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Energy Production in cells• The chief function of the mitochondria is to create energy by
aerobic respiration. – Glucose is broken down in the cell's cytoplasm to form pyruvic acid
• Krebs Cycle:– Pyruvic acid goes through the Krebs cycle in mitochondria
• Reacts with water to produce carbon dioxide and ten hydrogen atoms
• Electron transport:– Hydrogen atoms are transported on coenzymes to the cristae,
– Hydrogen atoms donated to the electron transport chain.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation -- ADP to ATP
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Uh, yeah, Homework Help Line?I need to have you explain the Krebs cycle in roughly the amount of time it takes to get a cup of coffee.
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Blockers of Electron Transport
Hydramethylnon
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Hydramethylnon• MaxForce -- cockroaches and ants
• Siege -- cockroaches
• Combat -- cockroaches and ants
• Amdro -- fire ants
Yellowish active ingredient that stains. Therefore, it is formulated as bait rather than a spray.
Delayed actionInsects come to a stopUnstable in sunlight
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MaxForce: Hydramethylnon
• Powerful delayed-action makes it an ideal active ingredient for bait products. – traditional insecticides affect the nervous system and quickly
produce hyperexcitation and convulsions, – hydramethylnon works gradually as a metabolic poison.
• After a single feeding, no immediate symptoms of poisoning– Within hours, the insects become lethargic and stop eating. – Insects die within 24 to 72 hours. Death caused by inhibiting the
formation of ATP.– Without the formation of ATP, insects simply run out of gas.
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Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
RotenoneSulfluramidChlorfenapyr
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Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Rotenone -- botanical
• Sulfluramid -- surfactant used originally in floor cleaning compounds
• Pyrroles: chlorfenapyr– new class of insecticides– Trade name: Phantom
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FluorGuard: Sulfluramid
• FluorGuard™ Ant Control Baits are effective against a broad spectrum of ants, including:– Argentine Ants – Pharaoh Ants– Pavement Ants – Various Household Ants
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Cellular Toxins
• Inorganics– Copper
– Boric acid
– Borax
– Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
• Fumigants– Sulfuryl fluoride
– Methyl bromide
– Phosphine (aluminum or magnesium phosphide)
– Naphthalene
– Paradichlorobenzene
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BORA-CARE or Tim-bor
• Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate – Excellent kill and preventative for wood
destroying organisms
– Applied to bare wood to prevent the home from being a food source for termites.
– Wood treatment eliminates potential soil or water contamination.
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Boric Acid Effects
• Action on Human System - Irritant; harms stomach, intestines, blood system, and brain.
• Systemic Effects - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in vomit and feces, headache, weakness, tremors, restlessness.
• Irritation Effects - Irritates and burns skin and respiratory tract.
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Vikane: Sulfuryl fluoride
• Proven Effectiveness– More than 30 years of university research, practical use
and published reports.
• Peace-of-Mind Control– Only treatment for drywood termites that effectively
penetrates the entire structure.
• Cost-Effective Option– Fumigation eliminates all existing infestations throughout
the entire structure in one application.
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Phostoxin: phosphine
• Used to fumigate– stored food– seed– grain
• DEGESCH operates a manufacturing facility in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley that produces the aluminum phosphide product, Phostoxin.
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Cuticular Disrupters
• Silica gel– Amorphous, nonabrasive– Absorbs 3 times its weight in oils and waxes– Insect dehydrates and dies
• Diatomaceous earth– It is fossilized silica remains of diatoms – Both abrasive and absorptive– Absorbs wax layer of insect cuticle, but also works by abrading
the cuticle
Wax Layer
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Tri-Die: Silica Gel
• Naturally derived repellent residual dust with contact kill.
• It contains 1% pyrethrum, 10% piperonyl butoxide, and 40% amorphous silica.
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Insect Growth Regulators
• Juvenile hormone analogs or mimics
• Chitin inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas)
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Juvenile Hormone Products
• Methoprene -- not stable in sunlight– Altosid
– PharaohRid
– Extinguish Fire Ant Bait
• Hydroprene -- not stable in sunlight– Gencor
• Pyriproxyfen -- stable in sunlight– Archer
• Neem (azodiractin) -- no good formulations
Cockroach affected by hydroprene
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Archer: Pyriproxyfen
• Target Both Cockroaches and Fleas with one IGR – Unique mode of action – Low use rates – Lasting residual activity – Photostable for long-term control
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Juvenile Hormone Analog Effects
• Action on Human System - Very low systemic toxicity.
• Systemic Effects - Minimal
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Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI)
• Diflubenzuron (Dimilin)• Hexaflumuron (Recruit bait used in
Sentricon)• Lufenuron (Program)• Affect insect’s ability to molt by
shutting off synthesis of chitin
Normal
CSI affected
Termite workers
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Sentricon with Recruit II Bait
• First product approved under the EPA's new Reduced Risk Pesticide Initiative.
• Workers ingest bait and pass it along to other members of the termite colony.
• Impacts termites by inhibiting their molting process
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Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Effects
• Action on Human System - Low systemic toxicity.
• Systemic Effects - Minimal
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Modes of Action of Insecticides
Nervous System Energy Production
Cellular Toxins
Cuticular Disrupters
Growth and Metamorphosis
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What did the brain say during its retirement speech?
Thanks for the memories