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Understanding Forest Health
1. What is Tree Health
2. What is Forest Health
3. What can you do about it
4. Health problems
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Understanding Forest Health
Another Course-in-a-Box
Course 18
Forest
Health
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Tree Health
• Trees can live a long time
Maple – 300 years
Poplar – 20 to 80
White Pine – 250
Oak - 400
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Tree Health
• Trees have a life cycle• Initiation
• Growth
• Maturity– Reproduction
• Overmaturity– Decline
• Death
• Decomposition
• Trees seldom live to their potential
• All trees decompose!
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Tree Health
• Main forest management considerations
• Initiation
• Growth
• Maturity– Reproduction
• Secondary forest management considerations
• Overmaturity– Decline
• Death
• Decomposition
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Tree Health
• Trees are affected by stress– Affects growth– Affects health– Affects value
• Two main types– Abiotic – weather & human– Biotic – insects & disease
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Tree Health
•Every tree can handle some stressStress is naturalStress is compounding
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Tree Health
• Stress is inevitable– Trees can live with
stress
• Stress causes change• Stress is a benefit to
others (unstressed)
– Other trees– Wildlife– Insects
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Tree Health
If a tree is important to you and if it is stressed…
•You want to reduce the stress Very difficult to doEasier to prevent
Later in presentation
•If you can’t reduce stress…Find another tree
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Tree Health
So what is tree health…
•Subjective condition of the tree
•Encompasses many factors
•Subject to change
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Tree Health
So what is a healthy tree…
• Growing in diameter
• Not severely stressed or declining
• Has a chance to do what you want it to do
Probably should be left for future consideration
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
Crown Size – at least 1/3 live healthy crown
2/3
1/3
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
Healthy green leaves
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
Full thick crown
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
Fine Branches
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
Bark vigour
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
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Tree Health
Recognizing the healthy tree…
Undisturbed Roots
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Forest Health
Isn't easy to determine
Healthy Unhealthy
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Forest Health
• Very subjective• Needs to be linked to goals and
objectives• Changes all the time
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Forest Health
1.Think of forest health as the ‘general condition’ of your forest …
• at this particular time
• under these particular circumstances
2.Recognize that health can change
3.Manage to keep it in its best condition possible
4.It is the trend that is really important
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Forest Health
Old Field Mature ForestTime Time
Forest Change• Natural• Succession
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Forest Health
There is unnatural change too!
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Forest Health
Unnatural change
Cut Trees Impact site Affect Climate
RecreateIntroducenew species
Push out old ones
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Forest Health
Now Future
MatureForest
AbandonedHay Field
GrassesWeedy Plants
ShrubsGrasses Late SucessionalTree Species
Early SucessionalTree Species
This doesn’t apply to most woodlots
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YourForest
YourGoal
Management Activ ity
Management Activity
Management Activity
Management Activity
Forest Health
The Managed Woodlot
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YourForest
YourGoal
Management Activ ity
Management Activity
Forest Health EventWeatherinsectsdisease
Management Activity
Management Activity
Forest Health
The Managed Woodlot
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Forest Health
YourForest
YourDifferentForest
Missing...Timber valuesWildlife valuesProperty values
Missing...Timber opportunityStewardship opportunity
Unmanaged
Poorly Managed
The Unmanaged/Poorly Woodlot
Time
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Forest Health
Factors
• Species associations
• Site
• Management Actions
• Forest Health Events
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Forest Health
7 main forest ‘types’ in S. Ontario
Lowland Hdwds Upland Oaks Tolerant Hdwds Cedar
EarlySuccessional
Pines Hemlock
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Forest Health
Working Group
Common Tree Species
Typical soil and site type
Typical locations and landforms
Ecological adaptations
Most Appropriate Management Systems
Upland Mid-tolerant Species
Red OakWhite OakWhite PineWhite AshSugar Maple
dry to fresh moisture conditions,shallow to very shallow soils withgood drainage, sandy sites
Canadian shield dry rock ridges, top of drumlins
adapted to fire and dry soil conditions
Shelterwood
• Species have defined requirements
• Need to manage accordingly
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Forest Health
Site
OlderYounger
Taller
Shorter
Heig
ht
Age
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Forest Health
Heig
ht
Age
Site 1
Site 2
Si te 3
Red Oak
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Forest Health
Heig
ht
Age
Red OakSugar M
aple
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Forest Health
The better the site
The healthier the forest
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Forest Health
Good Forest Management leads to:
• Getting what you want from it (a benefit)• A healthy, productive and diverse forest
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Forest Health
1st Thinning2nd Thinning
Management Actions
• Thin to improve growth
• Thin to improve FH
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Forest Health
% TotalTrees
TimeNow Future
0
100Unhealthy Trees
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Forest Health
% TotalTrees
TimeNow Future
0
100Unhealthy Trees
Healthy Trees
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Forest Health
Forest Health Events
•WeatherWindIce/snowDrought
•Insect outbreaks
•Invasive species
•Bad management
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Forest Health
Weather Events • Can’t plan for them
• Can’t avoid them
• Can be devastating
• Can impact forest for decades
• Can adapt to them• 1998 ice storm
• 2001/02 drought
• 2006 windstorm
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Forest Health
Insect Outbreaks • Insects are always there
• Can be small or large scale
• Are a natural part of the forest ecosystem
• Can adapt to them
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Forest Health
Invasive Species • Can have long term impact on FH
• Insects, disease, plants
• New invaders present a serious threat
• Bark beetles & borers are the worst
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Forest Health
Bad Management • Just as bad as all the others
• Mostly results in lost economic potential
• Does affect other forest values – wildlife, SAR…
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What you can do…
• Management planning
• Management actions
• Adapting to problems
+ = Healthy Forest
Can
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What you can do…
• Need a management plan
• Inventory of forest condition
• Get involvedSeminars/workshopsBooks
• Diary
Management Planning
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What you can do…
Management Planning
N
Maple Forest
Lowland Hardwoods
Cedar Forest
• Keep stands simple• They are just a guide
• Use forest cover types1. Upland Oaks2. Tolerant Hardwoods3. Lowland Hardwoods4. Cedar5. Hemlock6. Pines7. Early Successional8. Plantation
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What you can do…
• Keep track of what you have done
• What you observe
Management Diary
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What you can do…
Management Actions
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What you can do…
Management Actions
•Hire a consultant
•Account for all forest values
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What you can do…
Management Actions
•Plan harvests wellGood loggerHave a contract
•Harvest at the right timeIn the right seasonWhen harvesting is needed
HarvestMap
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What you can do…
Management Actions
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What you can do…
Management Actions
•Develop a marking prescription
•Use a certified tree marker
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Forest Health Problems
Adapting to problems
• Need to adapt to problems
• Be flexible
• Plan management activities well
• Hire good people
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Drought
• Problems show up years after
• Major stressor
• Water is most limiting resource
• Delay planed management activities
2001 Leaf scorch
Forest Health Problems
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Forest Health Problems
Major wind / ice storm
• Can be devastating to your plan objectives
• Consider safety
• Consider salvage
• Healthier well-stocked forests generally more resilient2006 wind storm
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Forest Health Problems
Insects (native)
• Defoliators• Cyclic• More localized• Usually temporary• Are control options
• Borers / Bark Beetles• Prefer stressed trees• Can bite
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Forest Health Problems
Insects (foreign)
• Defoliators• Gypsy Moth C.
• Borers / Bark Beetles• Asian Longhorned
Beetle• Emerald Ash Borer• Pine Shoot Beetle• Sirex Wood Wasp• ????
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Forest Health Problems
Insects (foreign)
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Forest Health Problems
Insects (foreign)
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Forest Health Problems
Plants (foreign)
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Forest Health Problems
Plants (foreign)
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Forest Health Problems
Plants (foreign)
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Forest Health Problems
Logging DamageLinear Amphibian Habitat