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Understanding Design
Body Types
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Learning Targets
List appropriate clothing choices for different body shapes and sizes.
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Shape & Size
Keep body height, shape, and size in mind when choosing clothing that emphasizes your best features.
FrameSize RatiosGeometric Shape
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FrameThe skeletal structure of the bones.
SmallMedium Large
Can use wrist size to determine frame size.
Height Wrist size for small frame
Wrist size for medium frame
Wrist size for large frame
FM under 5’2”
Less than 5.5”
5.5” to 5.75”
Over 5.75”
FM 5’2”–5’5”
Less than 6”
6” – 6.25”
Over 6.35”
FMover 5’5”
Less than 6.25”
6.25” – 6.5”
Over 6.5”
Males over 5’5”
5.5” – 6.5”
6.5” – 7.5”
Over 7.5”
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Size RatioThe waist divides the upper and lower portions of the body.Two people of equal height may not have the same size ratio between the upper and lower portions of the body.
Long upper body and short legs vs. short upper body and long legs
Various arm lengths
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Geometric ShapeBody shape can be thought of as triangular, rectangular, hour-glass, etc.
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Understanding Design
Elements of Design
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Learning Targets
Define the elements of design. Demonstrate the use of design elements in choosing and creating fashions.
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The Elements of Design
LineShapeSpaceTexturePattern
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LineDefined: a series of points connected to form a narrow path.
Straight, Curved, or Zig-Zag
3 directionsVertical, Horizontal, or Diagonal
Used for different effectsLine can emphasize or minimize portions of a person’s body.The eye naturally finds the dominant line in a garmentDirection, thickness of the lines, and the amount of space between the lines create different illusions
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Using Various LinesStraight
Formal, crisp, seen in classic or conservative designsBusiness suits have clean, straight linesSeen in striped and plaid patterns
CurvedGive a feeling of movementUsed to create a casual imageAdds softness and roundness to a garmentFound in necklines, lapels, ruffles, and scalloped edges
ZigzagEye must change direction to follow zigzag linesGives a feeling of excitement or dramaSeen on sweaters or on a garment’s trim
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Lines and IllusionsVertical Lines
Lead the eye up and down giving the illusion of more height and less widthCan be used to create a taller, thinner lookGive a feeling of strength, dignity, and formality
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Lines and IllusionsHorizontal Lines
Moves the eye from side-to-sideGives the illusion of width rather than heightTwo-piece outfits and contrasting belts divide body length with horizontal linesCreate a feeling of stability and restfulness
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Lines and IllusionsDiagonal Lines
Add movement and excitement to clothingEffect depends on the slant of the lineZigzag diagonal lines create the most excitement
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ShapeDefined: the outline that forms when one or more lines come together to enclose an area.Also known as a silhouette4 basic garment shapes
NaturalTubularBellFull
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Natural ShapeFollows your body’s outlineFit close to the body and emphasize the natural waistlineWorn most easily on average body sizes
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Tubular ShapeRectangular with vertical emphasisUndefined waistlineAdds height and thinness to the bodyEx: t-shirt dress, straight-leg pants, and tailored business suits
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Bell ShapeMoves outward from the body in a triangular shapeCan add or subtract width depending on where the top and the bottom of the bell hitEx: A-line skirts & dresses and flared pants & jackets
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Full ShapeHorizontal and curved linesMake the body look largerEx: gathered skirts & dresses, full sleeves, and pants with wide legs
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SpaceDefined: the area inside the shape.Internal lines, either structural or decorative, that divide the space on a garmentSeams provide inner spacesDecorative stitching and trims also divide space
Ex: lace down the front of a blouse
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TextureDefined: the surface characteristics that determine the look and feel of an object.Texture results from fiber, yarn, construction, and finish used.Determines how a fabric moves when worn and can affect the overall way a garment looks on the body.Soft or crisp, smooth or nubby, dull or shiny.
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PatternStripes, plaids, geometrics, florals, scenics, borders, etc.
Large or smallEven or unevenLight or darkSpaced or clusteredMuted or bold
Small pattern decrease in apparent size while large pattern increases itWidely spaced designs can make you seem larger as it draws the eye across the distances from one part of the pattern to the other
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Understanding Design
Principles of Design
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Learning Targets
Define the principles of design. Demonstrate the use of the principles of design in choosing and creating fashions.
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Principles of Design
ProportionBalanceEmphasisRhythmHarmony
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ProportionDefined: how separate parts of a garment relate to each other and to the whole in size.Parts with somewhat unequal sizes look best together.Clothing looks best when it’s in proportion to your own size
Small-framed person might avoid large, overpowering details such as collars & pocketsLarge-framed person might avoid tiny details
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Proportion
1
3
1
1
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BalanceDefined: when the spaces on both sides of a central line, real or imagined, appear equal.A balanced design gives a feeling of stability.Can be achieved in different ways
SymmetricalAsymmetrical
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Symmetrical Balance
When the spaces on each side of a garment look just the same.Gives a formal or tailored look.
Ex: a shirt with two identical sides divided but a center front closing.Ex: a skirt with a center front seam that divides two similar sides.
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Asymmetrical BalanceDon’t look the same on each side of the real or imagined central line.Add interest or a sense of excitement Has an informal lookOften more difficult and costly to make
Ex: a wrap skirtEx: A colorful pocket on one side and two vertical stripes on the other
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EmphasisDefined: the part of the design that draws attention.The focal point of the designThe part of the outfit that catches your eye firstCan be accomplished with color, line, texture, design details, trims, and accessories
Ex: a colorful belt emphasizes the waistlineEx: a contrasting color draws attention toward the face
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RhythmDefined: carries the eye through a regular pattern produced by design elements.
RepetitionRadiationGradation
Good rhythm is apparent when the lines of an outfit work well together.
Ex: when stripes and plaids don’t match at seam lines it breaks rhythm
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Repetition• Defined: a
pattern repeats itself.
• Ex: rows of stripes, polka dots, etc.
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GradationDefined: A gradual change in pattern.Ex: change of size or color.
Light to Dark
Thin to Thick
Small to Large
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Radiation• Defined: Lines or patterns flow from a
central location.
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HarmonyDefined: when all parts of a design blend well together.The elements relate in a unified way.Each part looks like it belongs and the result is eye-catching.