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Understand Mobile Understand Mobile TechnologiesTechnologies
What?What?
Chao-Hsien Chu, Ph.D.School of Information Sciences and Technology
The Pennsylvania State University
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Understand Mobile ComputingUnderstand Mobile Computing
What ?
Why ?
Where ? How ?
Advanta
ges
Disadva
ntage
s
Venders
Carriers
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Broadband Cellular
3G Cellular
2.5G Cellular
Mobile Technologies – What?Mobile Technologies – What?
10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km
10 kbs
100 kbs
1 mbs
10 mbs
100 mbs
Distance
Th
roug
hpu
t
RFID
Bluetooth
802.11x
2G Cellular
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Mobile Technologies – What?Mobile Technologies – What?
• Cellular / PCS:- Cell phones- PDAs- PC cards
• Location Based Services:- Network- Handset
• SIM Cards:- Personal data- Stored minutes (prepay)- Stored value (m-cash)
• Message Technologies:- Email- SMS- IM
• Telematics:- Private vehicles- Commercial
• Telemetry
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US CarriersUS Carriers
29.4m cust.cdmaOne
AMPS/CDPD
cdma2000
1XRTT
Verizon (55%)
Vodafone (45%)
21.3mGSM/GPRS
AMPS/TDMA
GSM/GPRS
EDGE
SBC (60%) BellSouth (40%)
19.4m (incl. TeleCorp)
AMPS/TDMA GSM/GPRS
EDGEDoCoMo (16%)
14.4m cdmaOnecdma2000
1XRTTAll 1900 mHz
8.1m iDENiDEN 2 Looking to be
acquired???
6.5m GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS Deutsche
Telekom (100%)
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Mobile Computing StandardsMobile Computing Standards
9.6 to 14.4 Kb/sec
115 Kb/sec 384 Kb/sec 384+ Kb/sec
(GPRS) (EDGE) (UMTS)9.6 to 43.2 Kb/sec
9.6 Kb/sec 60-70 Kb/sec ???
19.2 Kb/sec
4.8 to 19.2 Kb/sec
9.6 Kb/sec 64 Kb/sec (NextGen ReFLEX ???)
2G 2.5G 3G
14.4 – 64 Kb/sec 144 Kb/sec 384 Kb/seccdmaOne (95A-95B) (cdma2000 1XRTT) (cdma2000
EVDV)
GSM
TDMA
CDMA
iDEN
CDPD
Mobitex &DataTAC
ReFLEX
2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005
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Mobile Protocol Standards
• GSM: Global Systems for Mobile Communications.
• TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access.
• CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access.
• iDEN: Integrated Digital Enhanced Network.
• CDPD:Cellular Digital Packet Data.
• Mobitex & DataTAC: Packed-switch Mobile Data Network.
• UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecom System.
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BluetoothBluetooth
• 1994 – Ericsson• 1998 – Bluetooth SIG
- 2000+ members
• PAN - Personal Area Networking• 2.4 gHz• 10 m radius
- No line-of-sight requirement, as with IR
• 128 bit security encryption• Up to 720 Kb/sec.• Low cost chip (max $5)
- Can be fitted into anything!
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802.11 Standard Series802.11 Standard Series• Wireless IP networking for home and office
- Limit range: 150 m
• 802.11b: 11 Mb/sec @ 2.4 gHz- Bluetooth conflicts?
• 802.11a: 54 Mb/sec @ 5 gHz
• 802.11g: 22 54 Mb/sec @ 2.4 gHz- Newest std; forward compatibility.
• Benefits:- User mobility: home, office, even public locations!- Flexibility: P2P, access point (wireless hub), hand-over.- Cheaper: infrastructure. Old building, fault tracking.
• Issues: significant security problems.
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Types of Mobile ApplicationsTypes of Mobile Applications
• Notification (paging)• Two-way Messaging• Interactive Data Exchange (Sales order entry,
status, ticket purpose).• Email (supports, attachments)• M-Commerce• On-line information inquiry.• Telemetry.• Location-based services.• M-Learning.
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Mobile ChallengesMobile Challenges
• Many different kinds of device technologies:- Internet enabled desktops, PDAs, WAP phones, pagers- Different devices support multiple kinds of browsers
• Many network protocols with different characteristics:- Voice, data, messaging support traffic from real-time conversations to
one-way messaging.- WAP, GSM, CDMA, TDMA, CDPD, AMPS, SMS, TCP/IP, Mobitex,
ReFlex
• Many different kinds of services to be delivered:- Sales, services, support, marketing, distribution, …
• Many different delivery situations:- In the office, at a customer site, in the airport, on a plane, on the road,
at home, you named it.
• Industry-standard protocols are not fully emerges yet.
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Mobile ChallengesMobile Challenges
• Unfriendly communication environment:- Fluctuating coverage conditions caused by weather, buildings,
mountains, devices.- May have coverage holes
• Narrow bandwidth and low speeds.
• Interoperability Issues.
• Roaming workforces.
• Limitations of current devices and protocol.
• Security.
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Limitations of WirelessLimitations of Wireless
Bandwidth limitations.
Incomplete service coverage.
Scarcity of contents
Lack of an installed user base.
High customer cost.
Changing communications standards.
Security.
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Trends in Mobile DevicesTrends in Mobile Devices• Faster processors• More memory• Screens:
- Bigger- More color depth- Bitmap addressable
• New user interfaces:- Keyboard (built-in/attachable)- Joysticks
• Device convergence:- Hybrid phone/PDA/Pocket PC
• Cameras / MP3 Player• Virtual Machines/Browsers
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How do Applications run on Devices?How do Applications run on Devices?
• Native OS
• Virtual Machine Library over Native OS
• Markup in a Browser
Processor
Device OS
Application
Processor
Device OS
VM (App)
VM Application
Processor
Device OS
Browser (App)
Content
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Web vs. Mobile DevelopmentWeb vs. Mobile Development
Screen sizes/resolutions
B&W or Color
OS Versions
Browser versions
Application Languages
Internationalization
Language versions
Handset scripting
Messaging
Keyboards vs. Soft Buttons
Available Memory
Application Server
Data Server
HT
ML
cHT
ML
HD
ML
BR
EW
WM
L
Pal
mC
l
J2M
E
Voi
ce
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Developing Services for Multiple DevicesDeveloping Services for Multiple Devices
• Custom Development:- If you control the mobile devices.- If you have unlimited resources
• Transcoding:- HTML content scraped and re-marked up- Not recommended for long term
• XML/XSL:- Some limitations in what a style sheet can do- It is also up to your programming skill
• Presentation Server:- Virtualize presentation definition
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Areas Mobile Technologies HelpAreas Mobile Technologies Help
Area Problem Solved
Decision SupportInformation mobility.
Shorten cycle time; reduce cost.
Performance Support
Timely and up-to-date information.
Effectiveness.
EfficiencyAccess information in the field.
Reduce redundant activities
UtilizationSupplying and capturing information remotely.
Avoid asset downtime, increase productivity
Customer Satisfaction
Convenient, mobility, flexibility
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Advantages to Win CompetitionAdvantages to Win Competition
Cost
Quality
Innovation
Time
Flexibilit
y
Mac
hine
s
Mat
eria
ls Money
InformationTechnology
Services
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Competitive AdvantagesCompetitive Advantages Cost / Price: - Initial Cost. - Life Cycle Cost. Quality: - Reliability. - Features. - Performance. Time: - Fast Delivery Time. - On Time Delivery. - New Systems Development Speed. Flexibility: - Functionality Changes. - Format Changes - Interfaces …
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Benefits of Mobile ComputingBenefits of Mobile Computing
Benefit Underlying Mechanism
Better decision making
• More complete, and up-to-date information at moment of decision making
Shorter response time and process cycle time
• Instantly act on new developments triggered by notification and alerts.
• Initiate execution of subsequent activities from mobile location.
• Faster information dissemination among sales, field service and customer support staff and the like
Remove inefficiencies and reduce error rates
• Capture data in electronic format at point of creation.
• Simply data exchange between mobile works and back-office systems.
• Eliminate duplicate data entry in disparate applications
Convenience
• Easy anywhere, anytime access to information and applications.
• Manage tasks when away from desk.
• Key information readily at hand.
• Faster access to electronic stored information.
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Benefits of Mobile ComputingBenefits of Mobile Computing
Benefit Underlying Mechanism
Improved productivity
• Increase first-time success rate.
• Reduce administrative activities.
• Improve resource deployment, scheduling and task assignment.
• Use down-time more productive.
Increase customer satisfaction
• Work from up-to-date client related status/issues information.
• Faster response to customer requests
• Handle everything on the spot.
• First time right.
Increase customer retention & loyalty
• Differentiate product/service with mobile extensions.
• Increase barrier to switch.
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Business BenefitsBusiness Benefits
There are no "wireless" problems, only business problems.
• Improving customer relationships• Reducing errors• Increasing productivity• Strengthening communications• Reducing Latencies (faster turnaround)• Quicker and easier access to information• Improving support
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Thank You?
Any Question?
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Determinants for Wireless ServicesDeterminants for Wireless Services
Handset Service ContractRoaming Charge Operating Cost Accessories
Cell Marketing
InfrastructureOperating Cost Management
Mobility Battery Life
Operating Models Voice Quality
SecurityCoverage Area
RoamingCell Radius Efficiency Privacy
Size Weight Screen Size ColorUser InterfaceScreen Characteristics Antenna Audio Capabilities Style Design
Form
Function
Affordability
Cu
stomer
Op
erator