Download - ULTRASONIC MOTORS
PREPARED BY-NAWNEET KUMAR
(1100121058) EE,3rd year
ULTRASONIC MOTORS
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IntroductionPiezoelectric EffectAdvantages of USMBasic Principal Fundamental
constructionTypes of USMWorking MechanismApplicationConclusion
Introduction• It has been known for more than 30
years.• The first ultrasonic motor was introduce
by v.v lavrinko in 1965.• An Ultrasonic motor is a type of electric
motor formed from the ultrasonic vibration of a component, the stator being placed against another, the rotor depending on the scheme of operation.
• Conversion of electric energy into motion by inverse piezoelectric effect.
• To obtain the levels of torque speed characteristics of USM using conventional motors we require to add a gear system to reduce the speed.
• These characteristics of USM makes them attractive for robotic applications where small motions are required.
• This motor achieves high speed and drive forces, while still permitting the moving part to be positioned with high accuracy.
Introduction
What is Piezoelectric Effect?
• Piezoelectricity – generation of voltage in response of mechanical stress.
• The word is derived from the Greek piezein, which means to squeeze or press.
• This effect is also reversible. • Deformation is only 0.1 % of the original dimension.• Piezoelectric material- quartz(SiO2), barium titanate (BaTiO3)
lead zirconate titanate and occasionally lithium niobate .
The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry.
Advantage of Piezoelectric MotorElectromagnetic motors are notorious for
consuming high amount of power and creating high ambient motor temperatures respect to USM
The electromagnetic motors produce strong magnetic fields which cause interference. Ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric effect and hence no magnetic interference.
Electromagnetic motor has high input to output energy loss ratios
USM High positional accuracy respect to Electromagnetic Motor.
VS.
Piezoe
lectric
Actuat
or
Rotor
HOW !T LOOKS…
Basic Principle• Generation of gross mechanical motion through the
amplification and repetition of micro-deformations of active material.
• The active material induces an orbital motion of the stator at the rotor contact points .
• Frictional interface between the rotor and stator rectifies the micro-motion to produce macro-motion of the ROTOR.
• Working frequency-20 KHz to 10 MHz• Amplitude of the actuator motion – 20 to 200nm
Construction
Fundamental Construction of USM
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF USM STATOR
Cd is the capacitance due to the dielectric property of piezo crystal i.e tank capacitance.
Rm,Cm,Lm are the resistance ,capacitnce & inductance of stator.
Their combined impedance is given by
( + 1 / + ). 𝑅𝑚 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶𝑚 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿𝑚
OPERATING PRINCIPLEa) Based on the use of reverse piezo-electric
effect for continuous conversion of electric power into mechanical energy.
b) The process of energy conversion can be seperated into two parts:
Ultrasonic vibration generation Conversion of this vibration into the
slider(rotor) movement.
OPERATING PRINCIPLEWhen a voltage is applied to a
peizoelectric-ceremic element,alternating expansion and contraction occur either in the ceremic body itself or in the elastic body
The magnitude of this oscilation is very small
The conversion of ultrasonic vibration in the rotor movement is based on the elliptic motion displacement of the surface points of the contact zone between stator and rotor
The displacement can be produced independently through two individual vibrating bodies or by a single vibrator
ULTRASONIC MOTOR
STANDING WAVE TYPE
LINEAR MOTOR
ROTARY MOTOR
TRAVELLING WAVE TYPE
LINEAR MOTOR
ROTARY MOTOR
Standing Wave USM
This type of motors use three groups of crystals: two of which are Locking and one Motive.
First, one group of locking crystals is activated — this gives one locked side and one unlocked side of the 'sandwich'.
Next, the motive crystal group is triggered and held — the expansion of this group moves the unlocked locking group along the motor path. This is the only stage where motor movement takes place.
• Mechanism
Standing wave USMRepresentation u( x, t) = A coskx coswtIt is also referred as vibratory coupler type
or wood pecker type.A vibrator is connected to the piezoelectric
driver,it produces bending, so its tip produces flat elliptical motion to drive the rotor.
LINEAR TYPE STANDING WAVE USMRectangular plate
ultrasonic motor.Resonant
frequency-98kHz.Efficiency-65%Applications- card or paper
senders.
ROTATING TYPE STANDING WAVE USMTorsional coupler
ultrasonic motor.Provides high speed
than linear motors because of high frequency (160kHz)& amplified vibration.
Provides speed of 1500 rpm, torque of 0.08 Nm & efficiency of 80%.
This type of motor commonly known under the names of Inchworm, Piezo LEGS or PiezoWalk motors
• Mechanism
STANDING WAVE USM
Low costone vibration sourceHigh efficiency Unidirectional
TRAVELING WAVE USM Superposition of multiple standing wave
create a traveling wave.Representation of travelling wave U(x ,t)= A cos(k x) cos(wt) + A cos(k x -
90) cos (wt-90).Phase difference is 90 degree
pressure
TRAVELING WAVE USM• Superposition of multiple standing
wave create a traveling wave.• Representation of travelling wave U(x ,p)= A cos(k x) cos(wt) + A cos(k
x - 90) cos (wt-90).• Phase difference is 90 degree
TRAVELING WAVE USM•The active material excites a traveling flexural wave within the stator that leads to elliptical motion of the surface particles. •Teeth are used to enhance the speed that is associated with the propelling effect of these particles. •The rectification of the micro-motion an interface is provided by pressing the rotor on top of the stator and the frictional force between the two causes the rotor to spin.
TRAVELLING WAVE USM
Requires two vibrating source.Controllable in both direction.Silent operation, so suitable to video
cameras with microphone.Thinner design, leading to space saving.Low efficiency.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Low costHigh efficiencyNo magnetic
interferenceCompact sizeHigh torque/weight
ratioEnergy saving
Use of high frequency power supply
Less constancyDrooping torque
speed characteristicSupppression of
heat is required
MAJOR APPLICATION
• Camera auto focus lenses• Driving fluid• Watch motors and compact
paper handling.• Optoelectronics area• In micro surgery and sensor
scanning.
CONCLUSIONThese motors are advantageous. Electromagnetic interference is not there.It is in great demand in the area of
automation & miniaturiztion.Energy efficient.Light weight & compact size
Thank You….