Download - Udem 2007 Accessibility Standards
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Creative Commons License – some rights reserved. 1UDEM – Accessibility for www, mobile, emerging tech
International Seminar on Usability and Accessibility for the Web
UDEM, Monterrey, MXJuly 26 & 27, 2007
Sharron RushKnowbility.org
International Accessibility Standards
for the web, mobile browsing devices, and emerging technologies
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Let’s talk about…
► Concepts, understanding IT accessibility
► How people with disabilities use the web
► User profiles
► Evolving standards and how to use and suport them
► How standards support emerging technologies
► Your questions, practical applications
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What is accessibility?
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Accessibility = full participation
Many reasons to advocate and implement
► Legal
► Humanitarian
► Market driven
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“Accessible”
► People with disabilities can perform the same functions
► .. can receive the same information
► .. can participate as consumers and producers
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Based on concepts of Universal Design
► Architectural design movement
► Accommodations became integral part of original building design.
► Functional, aesthetic, and economic benefits beyond disabilities
► Movement spread to commercial products, landscape design, transportation, other areas
► Focus is access to public space for all - accessibility
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IT Accessibility Movement – similar development
► Standards bodies recognized need to address accessibility
► Begins with concepts of universal access to the built environment
► Extends concepts into learning and communications environments.
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Who needs accessible information technology (IT) ?
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Disability market is growing
► 750 million people worldwide have disabilities
► Numbers are increasing as population ages
► In US, Fortune magazine estimates annual income of $1 trillion
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Common Categories of Disability► Visual (including blind, low vision, and color
blind)► Hearing► Motor/Physical► Cognitive/Learning
People with disabilities may use software via alternate input & output methods – assistive technology
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Assistive Technology
► Customized tools to help people perform daily tasks
► May range from low to high tech
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Computer Assistive Technology
► specialized tools► help perform interactive functions► accomodate various temporary or
permanent conditions
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Rafael► intellectual disability, accommodated through
technology, social reinforcement► Down syndrome one of many ► Supported by online curriculum, multi-media
presentation, ability to adjust vocabulary level
Issues:► use of unnecessarily complex language► text heavy presentation, lack of graphics► lack of clear organization of Web sites► inconsistent navigation
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Paul► British Soldier, served in Iraq ► injury resulted in partial use of limbs► 42 year old student - retraining► access to government services critical at this
time of life
Issues:► time-limited response options ► browsers/pages that do not support
keyboard alternatives for mouse commands
► forms that cannot be tabbed in a logical order
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Amalia► 24 year old, aspiring web developer who is Deaf► Sign is native language► watched with interest controversy at Gallaudet
University
Issues:► VRS - Video Relay Service► alternatives needed for sound cues ► Captions on videos ► transcripts for audio content
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Toni► learning disabilities, including ADD, dyslexia► Often called visual and auditory perceptual
disabilities► continues to improve in school with the help
of assistive technologies (AT)
Issues:► relies on getting information through
several modalities at the same time. ► easily distracted, may need to turn
off animations; requires clear layout► can be frustrated by lack of
alternative ways to access information
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Diallo► University professor, expert user of tech► Became blind from retinal disease► Does academic research online► Blogs and creates content online
Issues:► needs alternatives to image content► text must be converted to sound► search forms, interactive elements► requires accessible content
management
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► Slow Internet Connection ► Old Browser ► Missing Plugins ► No Speakers ► Small Screens
Curb-cut effect: accommodations for people with disabilities have broad
benefits
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Accessibility Law and Standards
Global adoption of legal mandates for accessibility Established standards – and
those in developmentValidating to standards
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Legal environment► 1998 – 2002 Lawsuits in throughout the world –
including Olympics in Australia, government services in Canada, commercial services in US.
► Most settled out of court, few clear legal precedents established, but raised awareness of need for accessibility
► Many countries adopted WCAG, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, issued by W3C
► US wrote Section 508 of Rehab Act, based on WCAG, meant to be more “measurable”
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World Wide Web Consortium
► Standards body for the web – includes WAI, the Web Accessibility Initiative
► Operates consensually, globally…and sometimes too slowly to keep up with pace of technology change
► Issued first standards of web accessibility – the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) – in May,1999
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Global Accessibility Standards maintained by W3C
► WCAG, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
► ATAG, the Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines provide vendors with standards for interoperability
► UAAG, the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines for browsers and assistive technologies
► ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Application research for emerging technologies
www.w3.org/WAI
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Role of Standards
► Shared understanding of requirements among:o Consumerso Authoring Toolmakerso Developerso Maker of browsers and AT devices
► “How to” Techniques and testing criteria for content creators
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User Agent(UAAG)
Authoring Tool(ATAG)
Web Content(WCAG)
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Global standards are being revised
► WCAG 1.0 is transitioning to WCAG 2.0 – accessibility defined within 4 basic principles.
WCAG 1.0 series of 64 checkpoints and 3 priority levels
WCAG 2.0 based on 4 organizing principles
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W3C Process :► Public Working Drafts
► Last Call Working Draft » Current Status
► Candidate Recommendation » Projected for Fall 07► Implementations
► Proposed Recommendation
► W3C Recommendation = Web Standard
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WCAG in transition…► New Guidelines provide common definition,
benchmarks
► Anticipate changing technologies
► Provide extensive supporting informationo Glossaryo Techniqueso Can drill down to “Understanding Guideline X.X.X” documentation
► Techniques are adaptable, flexible for developing technologies…and testable.
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WCAG 2.0
► Technology neutral - flexible to anticipate change
► Adaptable – Quick Reference tool generates checklist specific to individual project
► Measurable – Guidelines written to be testable
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More testable..example
► WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint2.2 Ensure that foreground and background color combinations
provide sufficient contrast when viewed by someone having color deficits…
► WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria1.4.3 Text (and images of text) have a contrast ratio of at least
5:1
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What about the development community…?
► What is the developer’s role in the creation of standards?
► What does the development community want from standards bodies?
► What are the barriers to wide acceptance and implementation of standards?
► What obligations do the vendors/toolmakers have?
Video comments from web design experts, vendor representative
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WCAG 2.0 addresses these concerns…
Important disclaimer:
► The following slides are ONLY MY OWN personal summation and interpretation of the direction of WCAG 2.0
► Refer to the W3C pages for OFFICIAL techniques and recommendations documents
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WCAG 2.0 & the Manifesto ► Excellent time to use WCAG 2.0 as standard to
implement the Manifesto► Manifesto commits to W3C standards► WCAG 2.0 incorporate thinking about most current
technologies and practices► Changes in document are a possibility and
consideration, but are likely to be minor► Mexican example will be profound
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WCAG 2.0,Guideline 1
Content must be perceivable
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Provide alternatives to non-text content
and…
know what NOT to do
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<IMG src=… alt=“United Nations Flag” ... />
<IMG src=… alt=“Aeronautics” … />
<IMG src=“spacer.gif” alt=“” width=“1” height=“1” />
Alternative Text Examples
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Alternate Text Guidelines
► Active (linked) images MUST valid alt attribute.
► Each INPUT of TYPE=“IMAGE” must have alt-text specifying the purpose of the button
► Each AREA of an image MAP must have a valid alt attribute
► Non-active images that do not convey information must have alt=“”
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Alternate Text: What NOT to do
► Too Long“Image of the United Nations Flag (Blue
background with white olive branches surrounding map of world) about one and a quarter inches by one inch.”
► Makes reference to link“link to aeronautics home page”
Meaningless out of context“button”
► File information“spacer.gif 236 bytes”
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Alternate Text: Decisions► A challenge is deciding what is
meaningful and what is purely visual► alt=“” or alt=“people using library
services”
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Long Descriptions
► Sometimes short alt text is not enough► an HTML attribute “longdesc” is available…
keep in mind that may not be the best solution► longdesc points to a URL that has a “long
description” of the image
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Some images Some images –– like like charts and graphs – charts and graphs – require longdescriptionrequire longdescription
<img src=“traffic.jpg” longdesc=“traffic.htm” alt=“traffic density graph” />
traffic.htm:
<p>This graph shows traffic density on
Main and Center streets measured in …
longdesc Example
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longdesc “Alternative”
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Multimedia Strategy
► Include a text transcript for informational audio file.
► Provide captions for the audio content of a multimedia presentation.
► Provide synchronized audio descriptions of significant video information in multimedia presentations.
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Multimedia Solutions
► MAGPie - free software that helps you caption http://ncam.wgbh.org/webaccess/magpie
► Sample video with captions and audio descriptions:NCAM Rich Media Project
► NCAM recently released a free captioning tool for Flash
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Conveying information through color
► What is the issue?
► What is the alternative?
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‣ Can you read me?‣ Can you read me now?‣ Can you read me now?‣ Can you read me now?‣ Can you read me now?
‣ Use the color contrast analyzer:http://juicystudio.com/services/colourcontrast.php
Color Contrast
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Provide alternatives
► Alt text for active images, “” for inactive images
► Onscreen summary or long description for complex images
► Captions for audio content► No color dependencies, sufficient contrast
When you have non-textProvide text equivalents.Text repurposes
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WCAG 2.0,Guideline 2
User interface components must be operable
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► Provide keyboard access to all functions
► Provide users time to read and use content
► Avoid content known to cause seizures
► Facilitate navigation
Put user in control
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Keyboard Access
► Form fields
► Submit buttons
► Navigation elements (Javascripted menus?)
► Media controls
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‣ NOT onchange in select box menus‣ NOT just onMouseOver and
onMouseOut (requires mouse) - Also include onFocus, onBlur
‣ <noscript>...</noscript> rarely needed
for more on scripting please research:‣ unobtrusive javascript‣ graceful degradation‣ progressive enhancement
Scripting and Interactivity
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Exercise – Read this important information
► Perhaps a re-engineering of your current world view will re-energize your online nomenclature to enable a new holistic interactive enterprise internet communication solution.
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Exercise – Read this important information
► Upscaling the resurgent networking exchange solutions, achieving a breakaway systemic electronic data interchange system synchronization, thereby exploiting technical environments for mission critical broad based capacity constrained systems.
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Exercise – Read this important information
► Fundamentally transforming well designed actionable information whose semantic content is virtually null.
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Exercise – Read this important information
► To more fully clarify the current exchange, a few aggregate issues will require addressing to facilitate this distributed communication venue.
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Exercise – Read this important information
► In integrating non-aligned structures into existing legacy systems, a holistic gateway blueprint is a backward compatible packaging tangible of immeasurable strategic value in right-sizing conceptual frameworks when thinking outside the box.
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Timed Response: Options?
► Do not set time limit on the user response.
► Notify user if a process is about to time-out
► Provide prompt to receive additional time
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Flicker – Don’t Do It!
Flickering images on the screen can cause some people to have seizures
► ncam.wgbh.org/richmedia/media/flicker_demo.html
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Ease of navigation
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What about “Skip Navigation?”
► It’s a hack, adds code
► IE bug breaks it...useless in IE
► Recommend using h1, h2, h3 tags to provide more useful structure
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Operable Interface
► Keyboard can access all functions► Allow timed response to be extended, controlled► Avoid content flashing in bandwidth causing seizures► Ease of navigation
Assist the users;Allow the user controlOf access and search
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WCAG 2.0,Guideline 3
Content and user interface must be understandable
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Facilitate understanding of content, function
► Plain language ► Predictable ► Quality link text► Form Labels ► Table mark-up
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Plain language
► Identify the default human language of the web site.
► Identify changes in presentation language
► Use least complex language for subject and audience
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‣ pop-up windows
‣ user control of changes
‣ consistent navigation
Predictability
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Quality Link Text► Makes sense out of context, in a list of links
► Informs users of target
► Links to same place should have same text; links to different pages should not have same text.
► Avoid duplicate adjacent links
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Accessible Forms
► Create labels for form elements using the <label> element
► Group related form elements using the <fieldset> element
► Find detail on accessible forms on WebAim http://www.webaim.org/techniques/forms/
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Data Tables
► Data is meaningful in tabular form by the visual association of row and column headings at the intersection points in a data cell
► Tables can be easily marked up to provide the same type of functionality to screen reader users.
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Create accessible data tables
► Use the summary attribute and/or CAPTION element.
► Place column headings in the first row and place row headings in the first column.
► Use the TH element for all heading cells.► Use the scope attribute to indicate whether
heading labels a column or a row e.g., scope=“row”.
► For complex tables: Assign an id to each heading cell and string of id’s as the header attribute for each data cell to say which are heading cells for that data cell.
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Simple data table<table summary=“Table with 4 columns and five rows”> <caption>Use of Microsoft Office to Create Web Materials</caption>
<tr> <td width=“35%”></td> <th width=“25%” scope=“col”>
PowerPoint </th> <th width=“20%” scope=“col”>Word</th> <th width=“20%” scope=“col”>Excel</th>
</tr><tr> <th scope=“row”>Instructors</th> <td>
71% </td> <td>87.9%</td><td>51.4%</td> </tr>
<tr> <th scope=“row”>Web Developers</th> <td>43.7%</td><td>84.9%</td><td>43.7%</td> </tr> … …
</table>
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Clarity, consistency, support
► Language programmatically identified► Simple language► Links make sense out of context► Identify acronyms, abbreviations, nonstandard usage► Consistent, predictable navigation► Alternative vocabulary (optional)
Illustrate contentMaking it simple and clearUsers will return
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WCAG 2.0,Guideline 4
Content must be robust
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Maximize compatibility
► Older browsers► Mobile devices► Emerging technology► Make name, role, value available to AT
Transform gracefullyPeople still use old browsersUse new, support old
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Careful consideration and testing of how to use► CSS Cascading Style Sheets► Javascript► Various browsers► Mobile browsing devices► Various assistive technologies
Share what you learn… help anticipate emerging technologies
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Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite (WAI-ARIA)
► Make more advanced features of dynamic content and rich Internet applications accessible
► Primary focus is providing information about user interface controls to AT (assistive technology)
► Menus, tree controls► Role and state
► Status: collaborative implementation, development of shared best practices
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Standards within the Workflow
ApplicationDevelopment
Testing
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Set policy – explicitly► Many examples to emulate, language can be simple:
► European Union► IBM► Canadadian and Japanese governments, others
► UT Austin – policy development was 10 year process► MD Anderson Cancer Center, adopted UT guidelines
and in process of implementing across the enterprise► In 2006, Chevron adopted,implemented accessibility
policy ► California State University’s ATI initiative ► Local leadership is critical for success
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Important Steps► Key leadership and exemplary practices from
project and department heads► Stated commitment from executive management► Orientation to best practice for new staff► Advocacy to reinforce needs and benefits► Training► Integration into document development, Q A,
and work flow
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Automated Tools
► Toolbars available for IE and Firefox
► One page checkers from Watchfire, Cynthia Says, others
► Jim Thatcher’s Accessibility Favelets
► Evaluation of free accessibility checkers on WebAIM www.webaim.org/techniques/articles/freetools/
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Test with your browsero Turn off imageso Navigate with keyboard only – no mouseo Turn off speakerso Change font size, window sizeo Turn off CSSo Turn off Javascripto Set to Greyscale
A Practical Testing Plan – Step 1
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► Run online Accessibility reports on representative pages, using more than one tool.
o Toolbars available for IE and Firefox
o One page checkers from Watchfire, Cynthia Says, others
o Jim Thatcher’s Accessibility Favelets
o Evaluation of free accessibility checkers on WebAIM www.webaim.org/techniques/articles/freetools/
A Practical Testing Plan, Step 2
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Listen to your pages – especially forms, headers, tables – with JAWS or other screenreader. Some free screen readers include:
Thunder http://www.screenreader.net/ Fire Vox http://www.firevox.clcworld.net/
A Practical Testing Plan – Step 3
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Include users with disabilities in all test groups
Usability exchange in UK http://www.usabilityexchange.com/
AccessWorks at Knowbility.org http://www.knowbility.org
A Practical Testing Plan – Step 4
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Next Steps
What accessibility actions do you plan to take next?
How can you support the Manifesto?What resources do you need now?
What further questions do you have?
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Muchas Gracias
Por su apoyo a la accesibilidadY por permitirme estar aqui.
Y por su paciencia con mis limitaciones de lenguaje.