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Smells Like Teen Spirit
Cobain/ Topics
Bipolar, Mood Disorders,Lithium,Mania
Biological (Genetic) Basis for Bipolar – Identical twins 70% v Fraternal <20%, (Twin Studies)
Rationalization (Defense Mechanism)Heroin (Endorphin Agonist)Bipolar = Manic Depression
History and Approaches 1-1
1-1 PrologueHistory and Approaches (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Monism, Dualism,
Empiricism, Wundt, Titchener, Structuralism, Functionalism, Darwin, Calkins, Watson, Freud, 3 Big Issues, 5 Big Perspectives, Basic v Applied Research, Clinical Psychologists v Psychiatrists, G Stanley Hall)
1. Summarize the views of prescientific thinkers regarding the origins of knowledge and how the mind and body relate.
2. Discuss early psychologists’ efforts to understand the structure and function of the mind. 3. Describe psychology’s concerns regarding stability and change, rationality and irrationality,
and nature and nurture. 4. Briefly describe the different perspectives from which psychologists examine behavior and
mental processes and explain their complementarity. 5. Identify some of the basic and applied research sub-fields of psychology, and differentiate
the mental health professions of clinical psychology and psychiatry.
History and Approaches 1-1
Think (15:00)-Pair (15:00)-Share (20:00) <<model>>Socrates Hall Biopsychosocial ApproachPlato Bacon DixAristotle Locke WertheimerDescartes Empiricism GaltonDualism Wundt StructuralismFunctionalism Skinner TitchenerJames Watson DarwinCalkins Gall FreudWashburn Monism PsychologyNature v. Nurture Rationality v. Irrationality Stability v. Change
Welcome to Psychology!
Unit 1:History, Approaches &
Methods
History: Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology Is the mind connected to
the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is the
mind a blank slate filled by
experience?
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Prescientific PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body (Dualism), the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were
innate. (Nature)
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Prescientific PsychologyAristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body (Monism) and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.
(Nurture)
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“nothing exists in mind that doesn’t come through senses”
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Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation (Dualism), but wondered how the
immaterial mind and physical body communicated.
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Prescientific PsychologyFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental
method.
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Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank slate, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.
(Empiricism)
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EMPIRICISM
empiricism – knowledge originates in experience
science should rely on observation and experimentation
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Prescientific Psychology
Mind and body are connected (Monism)
Mind and body are distinct (Dualism)
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
What is the relation of mind to the body?
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Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are inborn (nature)
The mind is a blank slate (nurture)
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
How are ideas formed?
History: Psychology’s Roots
Phrenology- we’ll revisit this later in the course
19th c. – Franz Gall (Ger): Phrenology – scientists analyzed shape of skull
lumps liked to certain “faculties of mind”
History: Psych Roots
Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Liepzig (c. 1879)
-Made Psychology an independent discipline (no longer a stepchild of philosophy or physiology)
His student Edward Titchener introduced “Structuralism”
History:Psychology’s Roots
Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
-Introspection of consciousness – look inward and report elements of experience
systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience
Eg. Report sensations, feelings, images when listening to Beethoven
issue: requires articulate ind
History:Psychology’s Roots
1890 – William James publishes “Principles of Psychology” (most influential text in history of Psych-1st psych text)
James- Functionalist –belief that psychology should how behavioral processes function- how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Psychological Science is Born
The Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the
unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.
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History:Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science Develops Wundt--German philosopher and physiologist, Father of
Psychology James--American philosopher, functionalism, 1st Psych
Textbook, “Principles of Psychology” Pavlov--Russian physiologist, Classical Conditioning Freud--Austrian physician, Psychoanalytic Perspective, focus
on unconscious mind Piaget--Swiss biologist, developmental psychologist focused
on child cognitive development
History:Psychology’s Roots
Others Mary Calkins- 1st female pres of APA in1905 Margaret Foy Washburn – 1st female psych Ph.D., 2nd female
pres of APA Francis Galton – Darwin’s Cousin; wrote “Heriditary Genius” in
1869, believed that traits of personality were entirely inherited; used his theories to promote racial seperation and eventually eradication of “lesser races”
G Stanley Hall – first president of APA in 1892, described adolescence as “storm & stress”
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)—Gestaltist who examined a person’s total experience (whole is more than just accumulation of parts); stroboscopic motion
History: Psychology’s Roots
Figure 1- British Psychological Society membership
History: Psychology’s Roots
Definition of Psychology The science of behavior (what we do) and mental
processes (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)
- “Psyche” (mind)
- -ology = “study of”
Contemporary Psychology
Psychology’s 3 Big IssuesNature v. nurturethe relative contribution that genes and
experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors
Stability v. ChangeRationality v. Irrationality
Contemporary Psychology
Natural selection (Charles Darwin) principle that those
inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Biopsychosocial approach: Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Contemporary Psychology
Psychology’s Perspectives (Approaches) A lot depends on your viewpoint—eg. Depression, alcoholism, abusive behavior, pathological
lying
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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and
brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
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Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,
process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
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Psychology’s Subfields: Basic Research
Psychologist What she does
BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.
DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.
CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.
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Psychology’s Subfields: Basic Research
Data: APA 1997
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Research
Psychologist What she does
ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Research
Data: APA 1997
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Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D.) Study, assess & treat troubled people Administer & interpret tests Psychotherapy Manage mental health programs Conduct basic & applied researchPsychiatrists (M.D.) Treat Physical causes of psychological disorders Prescribe drugs Psychotherapy
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
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Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.
Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections
and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning
outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with
quizzes.
Close-upYour Study of Psychology
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)