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Truck Tyre Basics
Shamsheer .E.KRoll.No. 49
S7ME
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Introduction
John Boyd Dunlop reistered this pneumatic tyre!ith the British "atent #$$ice in %&&& .
'omple( tyre )eha*ior is a direct result o$ thetyre construction.
+he t!o main $unctions o$ the tyre, is $orceeneration in the road plane and suspension o$the *ehicle mass
more areas such as com$ort, traction andcornerin are ta-e into account !hen thecom)ination o$ components $or the tyre is to )eselected and calculated.
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Modes o$ +ransport
Mar-et sur*eys carried out in Europe re*eal thatno!adays more than three uarters o$ all $reihtis transported )y truc-.
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Cross ply to the radial tyre
/$ter the in*ention o$ the pneumatic tyre, it !as a$urther thirty years )e$ore the $irst crossply tyres!ere de*eloped $or commercial *ehicles.
+here are *ery distinct di$$erences in theconstruction o$ radial and crossply tyres.
0air container1 on crossply tyres is made $romcriss crossin layers o$ ru))eri2ed $a)ric, on
radial tyres it is $ormed )y radially runnin plies3casin plies o$ ru))erised cord 3on commercial*ehicle tyres steel cord is normally used
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#n $irm road sur$aces the radial tyre is superior to the crossply tyre its ood sel$ cleanin tread pattern5 its sti$$er side!alls also enhance
resistance to tippin on *ehicles !ith a hih centre o$ ra*ity
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The materials that make up a
truck tyre
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Tyre components 1 Tread strip
Material: Rubber compound
Function: +he tread strip has to pro*ide hih !earresistance and ood rip under all road conditions. Insome instances the tread strip com)ines t!o di$$erent
materials 3cap and )ase5 the )ase is there to minimi2ethe tread temperature and the rollin resistance 2 Multi-ply steel belts
Material: Steel cords embedded in rubber compound
Function: Enhances dri*in sta)ility reduces rollin
resistance and i*es the tyre its lon ser*ice li$e.Restricts casin ro!th and increases the tyre6sstructural strenth.
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Steel casin!
Material Steel cord
Function i*es the tyre its structural strenth and its de$lection
characteristics5 su)stantially determines dri*in com$ort. ". #nner linin!
Material Ru))er compound
Function Ma8or $actor in pre*entin di$$usion o$ air and moisture intu)eless tyres.
$. Side%all
Material Ru))er compound
Function "rotects $rom lateral scu$$in and the e$$ects o$ the!eather.
& .Bead rein'orcement
Material Nylon, aramide, steel cord
Function Securin the end o$ the steel cord ply on the )ead core.Rein$orcin the )ead aainst hih shear $orces. ( .Bead core
Material Steel !ire em)edded in ru))er compound
Function Ensures the tyre sits $irmly on the rim. $i
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pre* )ac-
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Standardi2ed mar-ins
1 Manu'acturer
3)rand name or loo 1a Tread pattern re'erence 2 Si)e desi!nation
%: ; tyre !idth in mm
&< ; aspect ratio 3section
heiht to section !idth ;&>.: ; rim diameter 3code Ser*ice description
consistin o$ %:4 ; load inde($or sinle $itment
%:< ; load inde( $or dual $itment
? ; code letter $or speed ratin
$i
" Country o' manu'acture $ +S load desi!nation
o$ sinle@dual $itment and indication
o$ ma(. in$lation pressure in psi
3% )ar ; %4.: psi
$a ,oad ran!ein accordance !ith AS standard & ata as per +S sa'ety standard
on inner construction or num)er o$
plies, in this case
Tread: under the tread there are $i*e
steelcord plies 3includin carcass
Side%all: *ie!ed $rom the side thereis one
steel cord ply 3in this case thecarcass ply
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Standardi2ed mar-ins
11
; tyres complies !ith *alue
set $orth in E'ER :4
" ; country code $or thecountryin !hich the appro*al
num)er !as issued
3hereC 4 ; Netherlands 12 /T
1 Manu'acturer code: +yre $actory
+yre si2e
+yre model
Date o$ manu$acture
( T0# Recommended application
only 'ontinental +ruc- +yres Re!roo*able
+he manu$acturer has desined
the tyre $or reroo*in 13
Tubeless
Tube Type
'i!
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Tyre manu'acturin!
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+yre manu$acturin
Supplier industries and manu'acturin!
compounds
steel industry
chemical industry
4atural rubber
Te5tile industry
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Manu'acture o' semi-'inished
products Steel cord
Tread strips
Te5tile cord
Steel bead core
Side%all6inner linin!
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7ssembly and *ulcani)ation
+he semi$inished products manu$actured in the
*arious indi*idual staes re$erred to a)o*e are
athered on the assem)ly machine andcom)ined in t!o staes 3casin and tread layer
to $orm a moulded )lan-.
Be$ore )ein *ulcani)ed, the 0moulded )lan- is
sprayed !ith a special liuid. In the *ulcanisationpress heat, pressure and time i*e it its $inal
shape.
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Final 8uality controls and
dispatch/$ter *ulcani2ation, the tyres are chec-ed
optically and undero *arious other
chec-s. #nce the tyres ha*e passed all the tests,
they are ta-en to the deli*ery !arehouse
to )e prepared $or dispatch.
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Tyre tips
Tread depth
+he $ollo!in reuirements are la! in the ma8ority o$European countriesC
"neumatic tyres on truc-s and trailers ha*e to $eaturetread roo*es round their entire circum$erence and o*erthe !hole !idth o$ the tread area.
+he main roo*es on truc- tyres ha*e to ha*e a treaddepth o$ at least % mm, %.F mm or > mm, dependin on
the la! in each country. +he limit in the AK is %mm.#n tyres !ith !ear indicators 3+GI ; +read GearIndicators, the tread depth should )e measured in theroo*es !here the !ear indicators are located
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Tyre in'lation
+nder in'lation leads toincreased $le(in, !hichma-es the tyre o*erheat
and may cause tyre$ailure5 increased !ear ;
shorter ser*ice li$e5
hiher rollin resistanceand su)seuentlyincreased $uelconsumption5
irreular !ear.
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Re!roo*in!
+hese tyres $eaturean additional 0ru))erlayer )et!een the)elt sector and thetread roo*es, !hichis currently )et!een> and 4 mm
dependin on thetyre si2e and treadpattern .
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'onclusion
Di$$erent users ha*e di$$erent needs so
today6s tyre manu$acturer uses a *ariety o$
construction methods and materials. Hor
e(ample, a hih mileae truc- tyre reuires
$ar di$$erent properties to a lo! pro$ile hih
per$ormance car tyre, or motorcycle tyre.
/ :< per cent reduction in the depth o$ treadon a ne! tyre produces a >< per cent
impro*ement on rollin resistance.
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