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OFFICIAL SPONSOR OF
PASSENGER TIRE
KNOWLEDGE BOOK2011 Edition
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Introduction
This book contains brie description on process o producing tires,
basic knowledge on tire and inormation on tires produced by
MASA as well as MASA tire superiorities.
This book also contains several tips on correct tire treatment. This
book is aimed at being good inormation media or tire users,
especially those produced by MASA. Thereore, this book must be
learned and made as guidance or any sales persons and services
or improving service quality.
By improved tire technology and spirit on continuous improvement
applied by MASA, it shows MASA's commitment on improvingservices to our loyal customers.
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Table of Contents
Tire Functions and
Basic Structures
ompany Profle
4 Tire Main Functions 06 22
22
2325
26
28
0
1
2
3
3
4
4
7
07
07
08
09
10
14
18
18
18
18
19
19
20
Construction Basic Structure
Advantages o Radial
Characteristics Upon Bias
Advantages o Tubeless Radial
and Tubetype Radial
Radial Construction and Its Functions
General Dierences between Radial
and Bias Tire
Tire Standard
Tire Standardization
Radial Passenger Tire Size
Conversion
Product Certifcation
Tire Specifcation
Production Process Certifcation
Certifcation According to Standard
o Transportation Department
Tire Production Process and
Production Flow
Quality Assurance in Tire Production
Process and Production Flow
Material Preparation
Tire Testing
Laboratory Test (Indoor Test)
utdoor Test
Process Inspection
Any Finished Product Inspection
re a n ater a s
Tire Main Materials
Tire Maintenance
Proper Tire Use and Maintenance
Radial Passenger Tire Rotation
Tire Storage
Tire Pressure
Tire Rotation
Tire Alignment
Types o Tire Damages and
Their Causes
ire laim Procedure
Criteria o Tire Claim Replacement
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COMPANY PROFILE
Tire producer PT. Multistrada Arah Sarana, Tbk. abbreviated as MASA was frstly established
in 1991, along with Indonesian business and industry perorming expansion and
improvement. In 1994, the actory started producing radial or cars along with rapidly growing
sales value each year. In the beginning, MAS obtained technical assistance rom Pirelli as
world-class tire producer (1991-1994), and then assisted by Continental (1994-2000).
MASA grew in globalization era by expanding its industrial area currently covering 55 hectares
o building located in 85-hectare area in Cikarang Timur, about one hour driving rom the
capital o Indonesia.
Its strong desire and ambition made ACHILLES, CORSA, and STRADA compete in market
share through quality products and the best services. Production o Passenger Car Radial
(PCR) becomes complete by production o Light Truck Radial (LTR) and Sport Utility Vehicle
(SUV), and up to now, they can compete and are known in international market. Tires
produced by MASA can be ound in daily uses almost all over the world in many countries and
becomes a standard or quality among tire industries.
Since 2004, when the company was taken over by new owner and management team, its
sales drastically increased every year. In the beginning, the team conducted comprehensive
study on policies and management perormance, and then ollowed by implementation o
perormance improvement in all departments. Production system efciency and distribution
were able to improve efciency at whole. It was a contribution o proessionals having
commitment and dedication or tens years to tire industry, capable to lead MASA to better
world.
At the same time, MASA launched its latest breakthrough product, ACHILLES Ultra High
Perormance (UHP) tire, in which it attracted may parties when it was frstly launched in 2005.
It was because the tire was only possible to produce by applying new production system. The
new tire ACHILLES is launched to compete with high-perormance tire produced by big
producer. MASA is committed to provide with latest technology in tire industry or its
customers. By new trust, the company ventures to produce snow tires or cold-climate area.
To meet world quality standard and through studies by proessional team, we successully
obtain certifcations including ISO/TS 16949:2009 and ISO/IEC 17025:2008 or Quality
Management System and several product certifcates including, inter alia, SNI, CCC, Inmetro,
BIS, ECE R-30, ECE R-54, GSO, DOT, FMVSS 139.
By good market growth, the company plans to improve its production capacity and to
introduce new products to meet market needs. Our success generates inspiration and
optimism or the company in uture. Experienced, wise and visionary management, equipped
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with skilled and competent workers, mastering latest technology, capabilities o distributor
and dealer to control market are our advantages. MASA's objective is to be Indonesian
national tire company being trend setter or tire all over the world.
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Tire Functions
and Basic Structures1
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4 Tire Main Functions
Tire has very signifcant role in driving. Compared to other spare parts, pneumatic tire is like air bag with its
construction designed ollowing road surace and various types o vehicles.
Tire's main unctions include as ollows:
Thereore, we need to select tire construction suitable or the our unctions, namely pneumatic tire like exible air
bag.
Tire perormance must be able to support vehicle's load moving
rom one place to another.
Tire perormance must be able to run both on straight and bend
roads in stable and sae.
Tire moving perormance that is able to transorm machinerotation perormance to be vehicle's thrust and to be base
support at the time o braking process on road surace
Menyangga / menahan beban kendaraan
Tire must be able to provide saety and comort in driving,environmental-riendly must also be considered.
4
Forwarding wheel function and controllingvehicle's direction21 Supporting/holding up vehicle's load
Forwarding motive force and brakingof the vehicle on the road surface.
Absorbing shock from road surface3
Tire Functions and Basic Structures
06
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General Differences between Radial and Bias
Tire Construction Basic Structure
Tire construction structure is designed to reach intended perormance characteristic and pursuant to objectives o
usage or utilization, namely according to road condition and type o vehicle, however, in general, tire construction can
be described as ollows:
Radial construction
consists o body
ply with its thread
arranged vertically
to tire diameter.
Bias construction
consists o body
ply with its thread
arranged in cross
with diagonal
direction one
another.
07
Radial Tire
Bias Tire
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Speed
Radial speed rating is generally higher
than that o bias
Endurance
Radial has higher endurance than bias.
Control
Radial has higher traction and stability
both or straight and bend roads.
Fuel Consumption
Utilizing radial construction, radial tire
has lower rolling resistance than bias, so
that uel will be saved due to smaller
energy release.
Appearance
Radial is more attractive viewed rom
style, wall design, and tread than bias.
Construction of Bias/Tubetype Tire
Radial Construction
Advantages of Radial Characteristics to Bias Tire
08
Bead Chaer
Apex
Breaker Tread
Shoulder
Side Wall
Flipper
Carcass
Rimcushion
Insulationrubberbead
Side WallInner liner
Steel beltWing
Nylon coverTread
Carcass
Belt Edge Cushion
ApexChaer
Tire Functions and Basic Structures
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Advantages of Tubeless Radial to Tubetype Radial
In general, radial tire has tubeless construction. Tubeless mean any tire not requiring tube and, as its substitute, the
tire is layered with inner liner made o airtight rubber material.
Advantages o tubeless tire:
09
Tubeless Tire Tubetype Tire
Lighter than tubetype tire
Safer when it is affected by sharp object (nail)
No risks of exploding due to heat caused by frictions
Inner Tube
Inner Liner
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Radial Construction and Its Functions
10
Side Wall Gum Strip Cap Strip/Cap Ply Tread
Body Ply Bead Wire Steel Belt Inner Liner
Appex / Filler
Cap Strip/Cap PlyGum Strip
Bead Wire Steel Belt
TreadSidewallA
BC
D
FGH
I Body Ply
Inner Liner
E Apex
Tire Functions and Basic Structures
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Gum Strip
Special rubber put on steel belt edge unctioning as shock absorber o steel belt thread tip.
11
A
C
B
Inner Liner
One part o tire located at inner part, unctioning as substitute to tire tube and made o mixed airtight rubber.
F
Sidewall
Protecting body ply (carcass) on tire side and also unctioning as place or putting tire important inormation.
Tread
Tread is main part o tire directly contacting road surace. It defnes tire lie, provides with tire appearance, and
creates good traction on wet road.
D
E
Cap Strip/Cap Ply
Any textile thread with angle 0 layered by rubber. Utilized or twisting belt that the steel belt will not change itsangle and diameter due to centriugal orce when the tire is used at high speed.
Function:
to improve tire perormance at high speed
Apex / Filler
Apex is in a triangle in couple with bead and they have dierent unctions as:
Handling and stability
Blank space fller at body ply old.
Steel belt
A steel belt liner that has been laminated by rubber and arranged by intersection. Belt provides with tire
reinorcement and it has more stable and exible physical characters.
Its unctions as:
Body ply holder or obtaining tread so that it can step on road perectly.
Strengthening body ply (carcass) so that it will always be able to deend its round rom o road construction
G
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Bead Wire
Its orm is carbon steel wire layered with hard rubber and then ormed as proper circle in layers.
Its unctions:
body ply lock to attach to rim.
H
I Body Ply (Carcass)
Body ply is main part o tire in the orm o layered sheet consisting o polyester or nylon or wire thread with
rubber liner. Functions o body ply are as ollows:Tire rame.
To hold tire pressure.
To absorb vibration o road.
12
Tire Functions and Basic Structures
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06
Tire Main Materials2
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Tire Main Materials
Radial components or passenger car contain various materials at dierent composition. Following are any materials
generally utilized in tire manuacturing industry.
Tire main raw materials composition:
Rubber
(Natural & Synthetic)
Tire Main Materials
14
41%Filling Materials
(Black Carbon, Silica,
Carbon, Chalk)30%Strengthening Materials
(Steel Wire, Polyester, Nylon)15%
Chemical Substances as Antioxidantan(to prevent ozonization effect andmaterial fatigue)1%
Plasticizers
( Oil & Resins )
6%
Others7%
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06
Tire Manufacturing Process
and Production Process Flow3
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Tire Manufacturing Process
Raw Material
Banburry
Bead Building
Wire
Rubber
Chemical
Carbon Black
Oil
Nylon Fabric
Polyester Fabric
Steel Cord
Tire Manufacturing Process and Production Process Flow
16
Extruder
Calendar
Compound
Bead
Tread & Sidewall
Inner Liner
Polyester Ruberizing
Inner LinerRoler Head
Nylon Ruberizing
Steel Ruberizing
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17
Bead Apexing
Ply Cutter
Steel Cutter
Tyre BuildingMachine
Green Tire
Curing Press Visual Inspection
DynamicBallance
Uniformity
Indoor Test
WarehouseFinished GoodsDeliveryDistributor
TireBead Apex
Body Ply
Steel Belt
JLB / Cap Ply
JLB / Cap PlyMachine
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18
Quality Assurance in Tire Production Process
For customer satisaction, MASA assures that raw materials, production process to fnished product is
tested/inspected pursuant to international standard. It includes, among others, laboratory test or incoming raw
materials, material production process inspection at actory until fnished tire.
Material Preparation
Process Inspection
Any Finished Product Inspection
Acceptance test to all raw materials
Compound test: test on tire components and parts
Steel rubberized and textile rubberized
Appearance Inspection
Visual inspection to any fnished tire by qualifed person.
Uniformity and Balance Inspection
Uniormity and balance inspection is perormed using machine with high accuracy in order to test accuracy o
installation o tire components to make sure that installation can meet standard required or any vehicle.
Lot Assurance
System is capable to track any process o production.
SPC ( Statistic Process Control )
Monitor system towards production stability.
FMEA ( Failure Mode Effect Analysis )
Failure potential analysis method, perormed beore product design is realized and/or beore massive production
process is begun.
MSA ( Measurement System Analysis )
Validation to measuring system or ensuring measuring system produces accurate measurement data.
APQP ( Advance Product Quality Planning )
Monitoring system in making plan towards new product.
PPAP ( Production Part Approval Process )
Validation to production process capability or ensuring that massive production process is capable to produce OK
products consistently.
Tire Manufacturing Process and Production Process Flow
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19
Quality assurance is also made towards tire perormance, namely by testing perormance both at laboratory (indoor
test) and outside, road, and circuit (outdoor test).
It includes as ollows:
The test includes:
Laboratory Test (Indoor Test)
Outside Diameter
Tread Wear Indicator (TWI)
Overall Width
Measurement is conducted ater being conditioned at room temperature or 3 hours.
Tire Test
A Tire Dimensional Test
Test is perormed to measure tire endurance with various loads.
C Endurance Test
Test is perormed to measure tire capability at high speed.
B High Speed Test
Test is perormed to measure tire construction strength.
D Breaking Energy Test
Test is perormed to obtain rolling resistance coefcient (RRC) or any tire RRC must be put on
Ecolabelling, especially or European market.
F Rolling Resistance Test
Test is perormed to measure compression on bead o tire to rim.
E Bead Unseating Test (Bead Compression to Tire and Rim)
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Outdoor test consists o 2:
Outdoor Test
Comfort
Noise
Stability
Tracking
Cornering
20
To test tire durability and lie perormed on public road upon vehicle with load and tire pressure pursuant to
maximum standard.
Feeling/Subjective Test
This test utilizes eeling capability or examiner's eeling. Parameters tested in road test
include, among others, as ollows:
1 Durability Test
Road test is divided into 2:
2 Road Test
A.
Noise
Braking
Acceleration
Rolling resistance
Wet Grip
Objective Test
Measurement utilizes equipment. Parameters tested in this road test include as ollows:
B.
Tire Manufacturing Process and Production Process Flow
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06
Tire Standard4
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Tire Standard
22
Tire and rim standard issued by and applicable in European countries.
A ETRTO (The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation)
Dimensional standardization or tire, rim, valve, and spare parts issued by the United States o America.
B TRA (The Tire and Rim Association)
Standardization or production, distribution, application, and sales or motor vehicle's tires issued by Japan.
C JATMA (The Japan Automobile Tyre Manuacturers Association)
Quality management system or production process.
1 ISO 9001:2008
Quality management system or laboratory controlling process.
2 ISO / IEC17025:2008
Quality management system or production process to be supplier automotive manuacturing.
3 ISO / TS 16949:2009
Tire Standardization
MASA produces tires based on Standardization applicable all over the world both or export and domestic markets..
They are, among others, as ollows:
PRODUCTION PROCESS CERTIFICATION
MASA has met international process standards as ollow:
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23
1 SNI
Products o MASA have met quality standard in several countries on the world.
Product certifcates obtained by MASA are as ollows:
2 CCC
3 INMETRO
4 GSO
Product Certifcation
For marketing in Indonesia, tire must obtain SNI
certifcate issued by Certifcation Agency legally
acknowledged by National Standardization Agency
(BSN) under No. SNI - 06 - 0098 - 2002, and then it
must be registered with Ministry o Trade under
Product Registration number 110-002-111276.
CCC or China Compulsory Certifcate mark is a
saety mark or meeting compulsory quality standard
requirements or any products to market in China.
INMETRO or National Institute o Metrology,
Standardization and Industrial Quality is a mark or
meeting mandatory quality standard requirements
or any products to market in Brazil.
GSO or Gul Standard Organization is certifcation to meet mandatory quality standard require-ments or any products to market in the Middle East.
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24
5 ECE (Economic Comission For Europe)
6 SONCAP (NIGERIA)
7 BIS
8 SABS
E-Mark
E-NoiseE-Noise is a certifcation issued by EASA (European
Aviation Saety Agency) related to noise level. For
any tires entering Europe, they must have E-Noise
certifcate as a certifcation on noise caused by
related tires.
"E" mark ollowed by numbers in circle to meet
requirements in European Union regarding any
products to market in Europe.
SONCAP or Standard Organization o Nigeria Conormity Assessment is a certifcation to meet
mandatory quality standard requirements or any products to market in Nigeria.
BIS or Bureau India Standard is certifcation to meet
mandatory quality standard requirements or any
products to market in India.
SSABS or South Arican Bureau o Standard is certifcation or meeting mandatory quality
standard requirements or any products to market in South Arica
Tire Standard
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25
Department o Transportation
Manuacture Code
Nominal Section Width Code
Rim Diameter Code
Speed Symbol
Pattern Code
Production Code (Week and Year)
DOT 5K ZW VDU 1809
DOT
5K
Z
W
V
DU
1809
UTQG
DOT Codifcation (Departement o Transportation)
Certifcation according to Department o Transportation Standard
ERUTAREPMETNOITCARTRAEWDAERT
FMVSS ( Federal Motor Vehicle Saety Standard )
Contoh UTQG : Treadwear 400 Traction AA Temperature A
Value Remarks Value Asphalt Concrete Value Speed (mph)
>100
100
115
100 -115
85 - 100
> 0.54
> 0.47
> 0.38
< 0.38
0.41
0.35
0.26
0.26
Good
Fair
Poor
For marketing tires to the United States and Canada, they must pass FMVSS 1399 standard
test, namely tests on Dimension, Endurance, High Speed, Bead Unseat, and Braking Energy.
Although there are no ofcial certifcates issued or such tests, we still have to run such test
routinely.
DOT defnes tire quality requirements based on resuls o
test conducted in the United States, in which it is called
UTQG (Uniorm Tire Quality Grading) consisting o 3
criteria as ollows:1. TREADWEAR
2. TRACTION
3. TEMPERATURE
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26
15. CCC MARKING
A
B Several marks/codes on wall:
Tire marking or tire dimension and codifcation
024179
8
1. MUD & SNOW
2. PATTERN NAME
3. TYRE SIZE
4. MOLD NUMBER
5. LOAD & PRESSURE MARKING
6. REINFORCED
7. TYRE TYPE
11. MANUFACTURE
13. CARCASSCONSTRUCTION
17. SAFETY WARNING
16. UTQG RATING
14. E MARKING
12. BRAND NAME
8. MADE IN
9. INDONESIASTANDARD CODE
10. U.S D.O.T ComplianceFollowed by Tire
Tire Standard
Tire Specifcation
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27
C Tire Size Writing
205
15 (Rim)
75 (Series)
P 205 / 75 R 15 98 H XL
Nominal Section Width (mm)
Passenger Car (Tire Identifcation)
Aspect Ratio (Series)
Radial Construction
Rim Diameter
Load Index (750 kg)
Speed Index (210 km/h)
Extra Load
P
205
75
R
15
98
H
XL
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28
195 Nominal Section Width
Radial Passenger Tire Size Conversion
195/70 R14
70
R14
205/65 R14 195/60 R15
205 Nominal Section Width
65
R14
195 Nominal Section Width
60
R15
Tire size conversion is intended to search or alternative tire size beside original tire standard by considering ground
clearance and vehicle's vendor space. For example, in above fgure, although they have dierent sizes, the tires still
have same outside diameter
Tire Standard
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06
Tire Maintenance5
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Tire Maintenance
30
Proper Tire Application and Maintenance
Avoiding immediate break since it may cause erosion to part o tread.
Avoiding hard shock.
Avoiding oily road.
Good and correct tire application:
Tire lie will be longer so that it will save cost.
More secured saety and comort or drivers.
Selection o proper tire and suitable or application and felds will also create more secured saety and comort
in driving.
Proper tire maintenance
Periodic tire pressure checking including to the spare tire.
Periodic rotation, suggested at any time reaching distance o 10,000 KM.
Periodic wheel alignment (spooring & balancing), suggested at the time o installing tire and when the distance
reaches 25,000 KM.
Not parking or a long time (days) in constant position and under the sunlight.
Correct tire maintenance
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31
Tire Storage
In order to avoid tire damages, storage must consider ollowing matters
Avoid any sharp objects rom storage area since they may cause damaged or torn tires.
Never store tires in any location directly aected by sunlight since it may speed up ozonization process
To prevent water entering tire, ensure no leakage to windows, doors, and roos where the tires are stored.
Avoid storing tires at oily place since such oil may damage tire quality.
Vertical arrangement o the tires can be conducted as ollows:
For small tires, it may not exceed 10 tires. For medium tires, it may not exceed 8 tires. For big tires, it may not exceed 5 tires.Horizontal tire arrangement can be made at special shel.
Slanting or cross arrangement are not allowed.
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32
Tire pressure checking:
Several eects occurred i the tire has low/high pressure:
The tire will be worn out quickly, especially at shoulder.
There will be side crack.
Tire thread on wall will be broken and may separatethe thread and rubber.
Tread will be easily peeled upat speed o 100 km/hour.
Tire lie will be shorter.
Fuel consumption will be inefcient.
Tread will be worn out quickly, especially at central part.
Tire will be easily slipped.
Tire will be easy to explode i it is cut or crashed byblunt or sharp objects.
It may cause mechanical problems to vehicle.
Tire Pressure
1
2
3
4
Ensure the tire is cold
Label
Check tire pressure
and comparewith its standard
condition
Tire pressure must
conform withrecommendation
of the car factory
Don't forget to check
and compare with
spare tire pressure
Check tire pressure
and compare with
its standard condition
Low Tire Pressure High Tire Pressure
Check any leakage
from valve,
by using water
Valve core must be
replaced with anew one in case of
any leakage &
valve cap must be there.
Tire Maintenance
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Tire With Non Directional Tread Pattern Tire With Directional Tread Pattern
Rear Wheel
Moving Vehicle
Front Wheel
Moving Vehicle
Rear Wheel
Moving Vehicle
Front Wheel
Moving Vehicle
(by Disassembling 1 Tire)
Tire Rotation
33
For optimum tire condition, especially or wear level o lasting longer and spread evenly, tire rotation is signifcantly
required. Tire rotation is adjusted to tread pattern, especially or tread direction since it will inuence tire traction and
balance. Tire rotation is better to perorm every 5,000 to 10,000 km o use.
Notes:
Replacing tire with dierent construction or brand at one axle is not recommended
Tire Rotation by Tread Wear Pattern
Radial Passenger Tire Rotation
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Errors by users/car users.
Errors by storage/transportation.
Errors by process in tire actory.
34
Tire Alignment
Types of Tire Damages and Their Causes
In addition to make comort driving, tire alignment can also reduce possibility o damaged tires caused by bad vehicle
condition. Tire alignment depends on toe, caster, and chamber settings. Non-aligned tires may cause non-spread
wear
Any actors causing tire damages will be as ollows:
Negative Chamber Positive Chamber
Toe In
Toe OutToe In
Negative Caster Positive Caster
Tire Maintenance
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06
Tire Claim Procedure6
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Tire Claim Procedure
36
USER
SALES
SHOP/SUB-AGENT
/AGENT/ DISTRIBUTOR
TECHNICAL
SUPPORT
TIRE CLAIM IS
COMPLETED AND
SENT TO SALES/TECH
SUPPORT
TECH SUPPORT
DIRECTLY
CHECKS/CLAIM TIRE
DATA AND DECIDES
EITHER TO
TECHNICALLY
REPLACE/REJECT
AND INFORM THE
SALES
SALES
COMMUNICATED
RESPONSES TO
TIRE CLAIM TO
DISTRIBUTOR/
SHOP
FORWARDED TO
USER
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37
Claim Tire Replacement Criteria
Claim tire replacement process ollows Customer Claim Handling Procedure. Several criteria or claim tire are as
ollows
Agent/distributor will continue and deliver claimed tire to tire actory o MASA.A
In case agent/distributor does not send the claimed tire, it may contact Customer Care MASA at
62-21-56949559, and then its Technical Support will directly check the tire. Claim at distributor will be as
ollowing consideration:
C
Data on claim tire or claim tire will be inspected by Technical Support and the results o "replaced or rejected"
technically will be communicated to Sales as technical data reerence rom Technical Support in tire claim
sheet ormat.
Based on reerence and decision o Technical Support, the Sales will decide on the claim tire to
agent/distributor.
D
The claim will be rejected in case o:E
In case agent/distributor does not deliver claim tire, it must send data on claim tire with minimum data as
ollows:
Claim date.
Distributor's name/address.
Tire size, brand, pattern.
Production serial number (week code) sliced out rom the claimed tire.
Damage name.
Tire damage photo (damage photo must be clear).
Remained fow depth.
B
Claim tire is suciently high and needs immediate handling.
Claim type is doubtul/dangerous, especially due to actory's error actors.
Requirement on direct explanation rom technical team to shop/agent/distributor/customer.
etc
The tire is intentionally damaged/added with new deect or submitted at non-good will.
Second tire
Vulcanized or repaired tire.
Any tire with non-clear data.
The claim will not be granted/replaced in case o:F
The tire has exceeded 5 years ater production.
The tire was damaged due to misutilization or mistakes by user.
The tire tread's height is less than 1.6 mm.
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PT. Multistrada Arah Sarana, Tbk.
Jl. Raya Lemahabang Km. 58.3
Desa Karangsari Cikarang Timur