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TV White Space for Affordable Broadband Access
Abhay Karandikar Institute Chair Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai – 400076
Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC) 2015 Tutorial, Hyderabad
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Outline
• TV White Space: Indian Scenario and Quantitative assessment
• Architecture for Affordable Broadband using TV White Space
• TV White Space Test-Bed
• Test-Bed Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
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Outline
• TV White Space: Indian Scenario and Quantitative assessment
• Architecture for Affordable Broadband using TV White Space
• TV White Space Test-Bed
• Test-Bed Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
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Terrestrial TV Spectrum Allocations
862-890 Fixed, Mobile, Except Aeronautical Mobile,
Broadcasting
470-790 Broadcasting
790-862 Fixed, Broadcasting, Mobile Except Aeronautical Mobile
608-614 Radio Astronomy, Mobile-
satellite Except Aeronautical Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-
space)
470-512 Broadcasting, Fixed, Mobile
512-608 Broadcasting
610-890 Fixed,
Mobile, Broadcasting
470-585 Fixed, Mobile, Broadcasting
585-610 Fixed, Mobile, Broadcasting,
Radio navigation
614-698 Broadcasting, Fixed, Mobile
698-806 Broadcasting, Fixed, Mobile
806-890 Fixed
Mobile Broadcasting
Region 1 (Europe, Africa, Russia, Middle East)
Region 2 (Americas, Pacific)
Region 3 (India - Asia, Oceania)
• Government’s national broadcaster named Doordarshan holds all of the terrestrial TV broadcasting license
• ITU Regulations for Region 3 (applies to India) allows use of 470-585 MHz for
“Fixed, Mobile, and Broadcasting” as Primary Services
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National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) 2012
• IND 36 -Requirement of fixed and mobile services will be considered in 470-520 MHz and 520-585 MHz on case by case basis
• IND 37 - Requirement of digital broadcasting including mobile TV will be considered in 585-698 MHz subject to coordination on a case by case basis
• IND 38 -IMT (BWA) will be considered in 698-806 MHz subject to coordination on case by case basis
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Terrestrial TV Transmitter Plan of India
• On record, there are 1415 Terrestrial TV transmitters operating in India only by Doordarshan – UHF Band-IV (470-590MHz)
• Fifteen channels of 8 MHz each 373 transmitters across all India
– VHF-I Band (54-68 MHz)
• Two channels of 7 MHz each 8 transmitters across all India
– VHF-III Band (174-230 MHz)
• Eight channels of 8 MHz each 1034 transmitters across all India
• We focus on the UHF Band-IV, i.e., 470-590 MHz spectrum band
• Use of microphones is very limited in India
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TV White Space Assessment Methods
• The protection and pollution viewpoints [Mishra and Sahai’2009]
• The FCC regulations [FCC’Nov2008]
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The Protection and Pollution Viewpoints
rp
rn
primary (channel K)
white-space devices
protected region
separation region
rpol
primary (channel K)
Pt – PL(rp) – N0 = ∆ + Ψ
Pt – PL(rpol) = N0+ γ
Min SINR at the primary receiver on edge of
protected region should be ∆ [Mishra-Sahai’2009] Min SINR at the secondary
receiver on edge of separation
region should be γ
PS – PL(rn–rp) = Ψ
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Computational Tool
MATLAB Computation
& Plotting Tool
Transmitter Information Power Height Frequency Location
Propagation Model
• No-Talk Radius (Protection Viewpoint) Pollution Radius No-Talk Radius (FCC Regulations) Implementation
Methodology &
Calculations Parameters
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TV White Space Assessment: Protection View
Pt – PL(rp) – N0 = ∆ + Ψ
N0 = -105dBm for 8MHz bandwidth
∆ = SINR threshold (45dB)
Ψ = fading margin 0.1dB-1dB
Recall
PS – PL(rn–rp) = Ψ
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TV White Space Assessment: Pollution View
Pt – PL(rpol) = N0+ γ
N0 = -105dBm for 8MHz bandwidth
γ = max. tolerable interference by
secondary 5dB-15dB
Recall
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Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF)
Average available TV White Space in India is more than 100 MHz!
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Key observations
• Per unit area, a minimum of 14 out of 15 channels is always available as TV white space!
• At any place, a minimum of 12 out of 15 channels are almost always available as TV white space
• These results hold for various values of γ = 5dB-15 dB, Ψ = 0.1 dB -1 dB.
Our analysis reveals about 100MHz unused in UHF Band-IV
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A Hypothetical Channel Allocation Algorithm
• Using interference avoidance by spatial reuse of frequencies, an algorithm can be used to find the smallest number of channels needed for existing TV coverage in India
• We find that typically 3 and in the worst-case 4 channels are sufficient to provide existing TV coverage spread over 15 UHF channels!
11 out of 15 channels (>70%) can be freed by reassignment of TV channel frequencies in India
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Outline
• TV White Space: Indian Scenario and Quantitative assessment
• Architecture for Affordable Broadband using TV White Space
• TV White Space Test-Bed
• Test-Bed Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
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Indian Scenario: Rural broadband using UHF-IV
• Recently, Government of India has announced a National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) -Bharatnetto link all Gram Panchayats with optical connectivity.
• Leveraging on the NOFN of Government of India, we envisage the use of (currently under-utilized) UHF Band-IV to provide affordable broadband in (rural) India
• Summary statistics of NOFN / Gram Panchayats
Number of Blocks (NOFN Phase-I) 6,382
Number of Gram Panchayats (NOFN Phase I/II) 2,50,000
Number of Villages 6,38,619
Avg. number of Gram Panchayats per block 40
Avg. number of Villages per Gram Panchayat 2.56
Avg. number of Hamlets per Village 4
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Topology 1: Middle-Mile Point-to-Point Network
Fiber Optic Point
TV Band Radio
Village Cluster
WiFi Access Point
TV Band Radio
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Topology 2: Middle-Mile Point-to-MultiPoint Network
Village Cluster
TV Band Radio
Fiber Optic Point
TV Band Radio
Village Cluster
WiFi Access Point
TV Band Radio
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Topology 3: Middle-Mile Multi-Hop Network
TV Band BTS Village
ClusterFiber Optic
PointTV Band
BTS Village Cluster
TV Band BTS Village
Cluster
TV Band BTS Village
Cluster
TV Band BTS Village
Cluster
10-20 kms
WiFi Access Point
WiFi Cluster within the Village
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Registered Shared Access
• Orthogonal channels across operators
• Few shared channels across operators
• All Channels shared across operators
Central
Coordination Database
Operator 2 Operator 1
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Outline
• TV White Space: Indian Scenario and Quantitative assessment
• Architecture for Affordable Broadband using TV White Space
• TV White Space Test-Bed
• Test-Bed Results and Discussions
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Generic Topology of Test-Bed
Fiber Connectivity
TV Band Radio
TV Band Radio
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Equipment
• Base station and CPE based on 802.11 in 500 MHz with TDMA scheduling tested.
• Standards WiFi access points for hot-spots
• Also implemented PAWS
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Network Topology of UHF TV Band Pilot at Palghar
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Paragoan Tower
Ganje Tower Haloli Tower
Maswan Tower
Khamloli Village
Bahadoli Village
600 m
Dhuktan Village
Tower at Dhuktan Hill
Dowli Pada at Dhuktan
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Point to Point TV UHF Band Links
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
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KHAMLOLI TOWER
UHF Band Omni Antenna (500-520 MHz)
Connecting Four GBTs
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Point to Point TV UHF Band Links
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Haloli Tower
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UHF Band Yagi Antenna Connecting Khamloli Base Station
UHF Band Omni Antenna (500-520 MHz)
HALOLI TOWER
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Point to Point TV UHF Band Links
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Haloli Tower
Maswan Tower
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UHF Band Omni Antenna (500-520 MHz)
UHF Band Yagi Antenna Connecting Khamloli Base Station
MASWAN TOWER
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Point to Point TV UHF Band Links
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Haloli Tower
Maswan Tower
Paragoan Tower
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PARGAON TOWER
UHF Band Omni Antenna (500-520 MHz)
UHF Band Yagi Antenna Connecting Khamloli Base Station
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Point to Point TV UHF Band Links
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Haloli Tower
Maswan Tower
Paragoan Tower
Ganje Tower
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UHF Band Yagi Antenna Connecting Khamloli Base Station
GANJE TOWER
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Multi-Hop UHF TV Band Link
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Tower at Dhuktan Hill
10 m
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UHF Band Omni Antenna: for the Second Hop
TVWS Radio for the Antennas Outdoor
boxes for Adaptor, PoE, LAN Cable, Switch
UHF Band Yagi Antenna: for the First Hop
Tower at Dhuktan Hill
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Multi-Hop UHF TV Band Link
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Tower at Dhuktan Hill
Dowli Pada at Dhuktan
10 m
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UHF Band Yagi Antenna: Two hops away from Khamloli Base Station
Wi-Fi AP for Hot Spot
Dowli Pada at Dhuktan
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Point to point TV Band Links Backhauling Wi-Fi APs
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Khamloli Village
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Outside view
TV UHF Band Yagi Antenna
CPE 1 at Khamloli
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Wiring Box
TV UHF Band CPE
WiFi AP 1
WiFi AP 2
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Point to point TV Band Links Backhauling Wi-Fi APs
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Khamloli Village
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TV UHF Band CPE WiFi AP
CPE 2 at Khamloli
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Point to point TV Band Links Backhauling Wi-Fi APs
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Khamloli Village
Dhuktan Village
Point to Point WiFi Link
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TVWS Radio with UHF Band Yagi Antenna
Wi-Fi AP for Point to Point Link to Dhuktan Gram Panchayat
Wi-Fi AP for Creating Hot Spot
CPE at Dhuktan Village
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Kiosk at Dhuktan
(Set up by IIT Bombay and
PUKAR)
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Point to point TV Band Links Backhauling Wi-Fi APs
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Khamloli Village
Dhuktan Village
Bahadoli Village
600 m
Point to Point WiFi Link
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UHF Band Antenna
Connected to Khamloli Base
Station
CPE 1 at Bahadoli Village
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Point to point TV Band Links Backhauling Wi-Fi APs
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
Khamloli Village
Dhuktan Village
Bahadoli Village
550 m
600 m
Point to Point WiFi Link
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UHF Band Antenna
Connected to Khamloli Base
Station
CPE 2 at Bahadoli Village
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Kiosk at Bahadoli (Set
up by IIT Bombay and
PUKAR)
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Network Topology of UHF TV Band Pilot at Palghar
Paragoan Tower
Ganje Tower Haloli Tower
Maswan Tower
Khamloli Village
Bahadoli Village
600 m
Dhuktan Village
Tower at Dhuktan Hill
Dowli Pada at Dhuktan
Khamloli Tower
Optical fiber
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Outline
• TV White Space: Indian Scenario and Quantitative assessment
• Architecture for Affordable Broadband using TV White Space
• TV White Space Test-Bed
• Test-Bed Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
![Page 54: TV White Space for Affordable Broadband Accesskarandi/tutorial/TVWS_WPMC_Dec2015.pdf · National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) 2012 •IND 36 -Requirement of fixed and mobile services](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070704/5e8d93f542726f6b704f83c3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Elevation profile between Dhuktan and Khamloli
Base Station: Khamloli (at 30m) Client: Dhuktan (at 3m)
Distance between base station and client: 2.3 km
Khamloli Dhuktan
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Throughput vs SNR (Bandwidth = 5 MHz) at Dhuktan
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
18 19 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR (in dB)
Uplink (5MHz)
TCP Throughout UDP Throughput
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR ( in dB)
Downlink (5MHz)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
Transmit Power Range = 0 – 27 dBm Theoretical SNR Range (Okumara Hata Path Loss Model)= 16 - 43 dB
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Throughput vs SNR (Bandwidth = 10MHz) at Dhuktan
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR (in dB)
Downlink (10MHz)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR (in dB)
Uplink (10MHz)
UDP Throughput TCP Throughput
Transmit Power Range = 0 – 27 dBm Theoretical SNR Range (Okumara Hata Path Loss Model)= 16 - 43 dB
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Elevation profile between Haloli and Khamloli
Base Station: Khamloli (at 30m) Client: Haloli (at 30m)
Distance between base station and client: 3.9 km
Khamloli Haloli
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Throughput vs SNR (Bandwidth = 5 MHz) at Haloli
Uplink Downlink
Transmit Power Range = 0 – 27 dBm Constant throughput achieved due to constant MCS setting - 64 QAM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
27 29 31 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR (in dB)
Throughput vs SNR ( Bandwidth = 5 MHz)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
34 36 42 44 46 48 50 Th
rou
ghp
ut
(in
Mb
ps)
SNR (in dB)
Throughput vs SNR (in Mbps)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
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Throughput vs SNR (Bandwidth = 10 MHz) at Haloli
Uplink Downlink
Transmit Power Range = 0 – 27 dBm Constant throughput achieved due to constant MCS setting - 64 QAM
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR ( in dB )
Throughput vs SNR ( Bandwidth = 10 MHz )
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR (in dB)
Throughput vs SNR ( Bandwidth = 10 MHz)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
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Elevation profile between Pargaon and Khamloli
Base Station: Khamloli (at 30m) Client: Pargaon(at 30m)
Distance between base station and client: 7.2 km
Khamloli Pargaon
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Throughput vs SNR (Bandwidth = 5 MHz) at Pargaon
Transmit Power Range = 0 – 27 dBm Constant throughput achieved due to constant MCS setting - 64 QAM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Thro
ugh
pu
t (i
n M
bp
s)
SNR (in dB)
Throughput vs SNR (Bandwidth = 5 MHz)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Th
rou
ghp
ut
(in
Mb
ps)
SNR ( in dB)
Throughput vs SNR ( Bandwidth = 5 MHz)
TCP Throughput UDP Throughput
Uplink Downlink
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CDF of Latency at Ganje Node (BW=5Mhz, Tx Power= 27dBm)
Base Station: Khamloli (at 30m) Client: Ganje (at 30m)
Distance between base station and client: 6.9 km
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CDF of Latency at Dhuktan Node (BW=20Mhz, Tx Power= 27dBm)
Base Station: Khamloli (at 30m) Client: Dhuktan(at 3m)
Distance between base station and client: 2.3 km
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PDF & CDF of the UDP Throughput at Dhuktan Node
Base Station: Khamloli (Height=30m) Client: Dhuktan (Height=3m)
Distance between base station and client: 2.3 km
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PDF & CDF of the UDP Throughput at Ganje Node (BW=5MHz, Tx Power=27dBm)
Base Station: Khamloli (at 30m) Client: Pargaon(at 30m)
Distance between base station and client: 7.2 km
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Network Configuration for ATM at Dhuktan Gram Panchayat
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Summary of Test-Bed
• Test-Bed – 10 WiFi hotspots backhauled using TVWS radios
– One two hop link
– 4 point to point near LoS links
– 60 Tablets with villagers
– Two kiosks
– Secure VPN for ATM deployment
• Results – UDP throughput of 11 Mbps on 10 MHz bandwidth over ~3
km Non LoS
– Latency of 1 ms
![Page 68: TV White Space for Affordable Broadband Accesskarandi/tutorial/TVWS_WPMC_Dec2015.pdf · National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) 2012 •IND 36 -Requirement of fixed and mobile services](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070704/5e8d93f542726f6b704f83c3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Outline
• TV White Space: Indian Scenario and Quantitative assessment
• Architecture for Affordable Broadband using TV White Space
• TV White Space Test-Bed
• Test-Bed Results and Discussions
• Conclusions
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Conclusions
• About 100 MHz unused in UHF band in India
• Primary broadband is the crying need – Affordable broadband can be provided using TV white spaces
• Results of the test-bed encouraging
• Future Directions – Multi-operator co-existence
– SDN enabled policy based radio
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Thank You!