![Page 1: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Turbos to Create A Jet
P M V SubbaraoProfessor
Mechanical Engineering Department
A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles for the
Aircraft……
![Page 2: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Concept of Turbo Technology
• A control volume based engine to create Jet.
• Turbo-machinery execute -vdp work.
• Force or torque is generated with steady flow.
• Continuous transfer & conversion of energy is possible at steady flow and steady state.
• Basic Architecture is:
![Page 3: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Open Cycle Using Turbos
T
1
2
3
4
p
s
1
23
4
s
5 : Jet
5: Jet
![Page 4: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Necessity is the Mother of Invention !?!?!??!
![Page 5: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gas Turbine Technology
• 1791: A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine.
• His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines.
• The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage. • 1872: The first true gas turbine engine was designed by Dr
Franz Stikze, but the engine never ran under its own power. • 1903: A Norwegian, Ægidius Elling, was able to build the first
gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited.
• Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced 11 hp (massive for those days).
• He further developed the concept, and by 1912 he had developed a gas turbine system with separate turbine unit and compressor in series, a combination that is now common.
![Page 6: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• 1914: Application for a gas turbine engine filed by Charles Curtis.
• 1918: One of the leading gas turbine manufacturers of today, General Electric, started their gas turbine division.
• 1920: The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by Dr A. A. Griffith.
![Page 7: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
THE WORLD‘S FIRST INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE SET – GT NEUCHÂTEL
![Page 8: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
4 MW GT for Power Generation
![Page 9: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gas Turbine Power Generation
• Experience gained from a large number of exhaust-gas turbines for diesel engines, a temp. of 538°C was considered absolutely safe for uncooled heat resisting steel turbine blades.
• This would result in obtainable outputs of 2000-8000 KW with compressor turbine efficiencies of 73-75%, and an overall cycle efficiency of 17-18%.
• First Gas turbine electro locomotive 2500 HP ordered from BBC by Swiss Federal Railways.
• The advent of high pressure and temperature steam turbine with regenerative heating of the condensate and air pre-heating, resulted in coupling efficiencies of approx. 25%.
• The gas turbine having been considered competitive with steam turbine plant of 18% which was considered not quite satisfactory.
![Page 10: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Death Leading to New Life
• The Gas turbine was unable to compete with “modern” base load steam turbines of 25% efficiency.
• There was a continuous development in steam power plant which led to increase of Power Generation Efficiencies of 35%+
• This hard reality required consideration of a different application for the gas turbine.
• 1930: Sir Frank Whittle patented the design for a gas turbine for jet propulsion.
![Page 11: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Turbojets
• As invented by Hans Von Ohain &Frank Whittle.
Typical Turbojet
Schematics
![Page 12: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Turbojets - Basic Operating Features
• Five basic components:– intake: captures air and efficiently delivers it to compressor.
– compressor: increases air pressure and temperature.
– combustor: adds kerosene to the air and burns the mixture to increase the temperature and energy levels further.
– turbine: extracts energy from the gases to drive the compressor via a shaft.
– nozzle: accelerates the gases further.
• High levels of engineering required for efficient operation, especially for compressor and turbine - therefore costly compared with rocket.
![Page 13: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
World's first operational jet engine
• Dimensions: 1.48 m long, 0.93 m diameter
• Weight: 360 kg
• Thrust: 450 kgf (4.4 kN) @ 13,000 rpm and 800 km/h
• Compression ratio: 2.8:1
• Specific fuel consumption: 2.16 gal/(lb·h) [18.0 L/(kg·h)]
![Page 14: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
World's first Aircraft : He178
• General characteristics
• Crew: One
• Length: 7.48 m (24 ft 6 in)
• Wingspan: 7.20 m (23 ft 3 in)
• Height: 2.10 m (6 ft 10 in)
• Wing area: 9.1 m² (98 ft²)
• Empty weight: 1,620 kg (3,572 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 1,998 kg (4,405 lb)
• Powerplant: 1× HeS 3 turbojet, 4.4 kN (992 lbf)
• Performance
• Maximum speed: 698 km/h (380 mph)
• Range: 200 km (125 mi)
![Page 15: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Present Turbojet Engines
• The Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 was a reheated (afterburning) turbojet which powered the supersonic airliner Concorde.
• General characteristics
• Type: Turbojet
• Length: 4039 mm (159 in)
• Diameter: 1212 mm (47.75 in)
• Dry weight: 3175 kg (7,000 lb)
![Page 16: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Components
• Compressor: Axial flow, 7-stage low pressure, 7-stage high pressure
• Combustors: Nickel alloy construction annular chamber, 16 vapourising burners, each with twin outlets
• Turbine: High pressure single stage, low pressure single stage
• Fuel type: Jet A1
• Performance
• Maximum Thrust: 169.2 kN (38,050 lbf)
![Page 17: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Overall pressure ratio: 15.5:1
• Specific fuel consumption: 1.195 (cruise), 1.39 (SL) lb/(h·lbf)
• Thrust-to-weight ratio: 5.4
![Page 18: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Turbojets for Guided Weapons
• Jet velocity: 350 - 1200 m/s.
• Better propulsive efficiency than rockets (lower than turbofans).
• Compact & low weight.
• More complex, costly and unreliable than rockets.
HarpoonTeledyne J402-CA-400
![Page 19: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Harpoon : General Characteristics
• Primary function: Air-, surface-, or submarine-launched anti-surface (anti-ship) missile
• Contractor: The McDonnell Douglas Astronautic Company - East
• Power plant: Teledyne Teledyne J402 turbojet, 660 lb (300 kg)-force (2.9 kN) thrust, and a solid-propellant booster for surface and submarine launches.
• Length:
– Air launched: 3.8 metres (12 ft) 7 in)
– Surface and submarine launched: 4.6 metres (15 ft)
![Page 20: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Weight:
– Air launched: 519 kilograms (1,140 lb)
– Submarine or ship launched from box or canister launcher: 628 kilograms (1,380 lb)
• Diameter: 340 millimetres (13 in)
• Wing span: 914 millimetres (36.0 in)
• Maximum altitude: 910 metres (3,000 ft) with booster fins and wings
![Page 21: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Range: Over-the-horizon (approx 50 nautical miles)
– AGM-84D: 220 km (120 nmi)
– RGM/UGM-84D: 140 km (75 nmi)
– AGM-84E: 93 km (50 nmi)
– AGM-84F: 315 km (170 nmi)
– AGM-84H/K: 280 km (150 nmi)
• Speed: High subsonic, around 850 km/h (460 knots, 240 m/s, or 530 mph)
![Page 22: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Guidance: Sea-skimming cruise monitored by radar altimeter, active radar terminal homing
• Warhead: 221 kilograms (490 lb), penetration high-explosive blast
• Unit cost: US$720,000
![Page 23: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Teledyne CAE J402-CA-400
• Dimensions:Length 74.8 cm (29.44 in.), Width 31.8 cm (12.52 in.
• Physical Description:Type: Turbojet
• Thrust/speed: 2,937 N (660 lb) at 41,200 rpm
• Compressor: 1-stage axial flow, 1-stage centrifugal flow
• Combustor: annular
• Turbine: 1-stage axial flow
• Manufacturer: Teledyne CAE, Toledo
![Page 24: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Micro-turbojets for Weapons
![Page 25: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Variation of Jet Technologies
![Page 26: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thermal Energy Distribution
![Page 27: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Turbofans
• Compromise between turbojet and turboprop with propeller now a fan enclosed within the engine.
• Two air streams passing through engine, one of which bypasses internal core.
![Page 28: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Turbofans - Basic Operating Features
• Similar to turbojet but turbine split into two with low pressure turbine used to drive separate fan ahead of compressor via twin-shaft arrangement.
• Bypass effect increases the available mass flow rate and thus reduces the jet velocity needed for a given amount of thrust (improves propulsive efficiency).
![Page 29: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Turbofan
• The Pratt & Whitney F119 is an afterburning turbofan engine developed for the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.
• The engine delivers thrust in the 35,000 lbf (160 kN) class, and is designed for supersonic flight without the use of afterburner.
• Delivering almost 22% more thrust with 40% fewer parts than conventional, fourth-generation military aircraft engine models, the F119 allows sustained supercruise speeds of up to Mach 1.72.
![Page 30: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Specifications F119
• General characteristics
• Type: Twin-Spool, Augmented Turbofan
• Length: 16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)
• Diameter:
• Dry weight: 3,900 lb
• Components
• Compressor: Twin Spool/Counter Rotating/Axial Flow/Low Aspect Ratio
• Combustors: Annular Combustor
• Turbine: Axial Flow/Counter-Rotating
![Page 31: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Nozzle: Two Dimensional Vectoring Convergent/Divergent
• Performance
• Maximum Thrust: >35,000 lbf (156 kN) (with afterburner)
• Thrust-to-weight ratio: 9:1
![Page 32: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Turbofans for GW
• Very good propulsive efficiency and low specific fuel consumption
• Only very long range applications
• Large volume and difficult to design to small scales.
• Jet velocity: 200 – 600 m/s
• Bypass ratio: 0.5:1 (much higher in aircraft applications)
Tomahawk
![Page 33: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Intakes - Turbofan/Turbojet
Teledyne J402
Williams F107
Tomahawk/ALCM
Harpoon/SLAM
![Page 34: Turbos to Create A Jet P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A Techno-economically Feasible Creation of Strong and Reliable Muscles](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649cfd5503460f949cd60a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Turboprops• Turbine extracts most of the jet thrust to run a
propeller at the front, via a gear box.
• Limited GW applications (possibly future UAV’s).
• Mainly low-speed aircraft applications (limited to about Mach 0.6). Typical Turboprop Schematic