Download - TRUCK TYRE BASICS
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MOHD HAIZAL FARIS BIN JAAFAR 57275110036
MOHD SYARIL AZMAN BIN MOHD KHIDZARI 572741100
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John Boyd Dunlop registered this pneumatictyre with the British Patent Office in 1888 and
is therefore generally considered to be itsinventor. Whether he was the first person or the
second to register this patent - the pneumatic
tyre is now an indispensable feature of ourmotorised society.
Complex tyre behavior is a direct result of thetyre construction.
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The two main functions of the tyre, is force
generation in the road plane and suspension
of the vehicle mass. More areas such as comfort, traction and
cornering are take into account when the
combination of components for the tyre is tobe selected and calculated.
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Market surveys carried out in Europe reveal thatnowadays more than three quarters of all freight
is transported by truck.
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It was a further thirty years after the invention of
the pneumatic tyre for the first crossply tyres to
be developed for commercial vehicles. There are very distinct differences in the
construction of radial and crossply tyres.
The carrying air container on crossply tyre is
made from criss crossing layers of rubberizedfabric, in radial tyres it is form by radially running
plies (casing plies) of rubberized cord.
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On firm road surfaces the radial tyre is superior to thecrossply tyre
Its good self cleaning tread pattern; its stiffer sidewalls
also enhance resistance to tipping on vehicles with a highcentre of gravity
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1 Tread strip Material Rubber compound
Function The tread strips has to provide high wear
resistance and good grip under all roadconditions. In some instances the tread
strip combines two different materials(cap and base); the basis is there to
minimise the tread temperature and therolling resistance.
x Pic
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2 Multi-ply steel belt Material Steel cords embedded in rubber
compound Function Enhances driving stability, reduces rolling
resistance and gives the tyre its long
service life. Restricts casing growth andincreases the tyres structural strength.
x Pic
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3 Steel casing Material Steel cord
Function Gives the tyre its structural strength andits deflection characteristics; substantiallydetermines driving comfort.
4 Inner lining Material Rubber compound
Function Major factor in preventing diffusion of airand moisture in tubeless tyre.
x Pic
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5 Sidewall Material Rubber compound
Function Protects from lateral scuffing and theeffects of the weather
6 Bead reinforcement Material Nylon, aramide, steel cord
Function Securing the end of the steel cord ply onthe bead core. Reinforcing the beadagainst high shear forces.
x Pic
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7 Bead core Material Steel wire embedded in rubber compound
Function Ensures the tyre sits firmly on the rim.
x Pic
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Designations on the tyre meet both the USstandard FMVSS 119 and the European standardECE R 54, and refer to tyre characteristics.
Explanation DOT =US Department ofTransportation ETRTO =The EuropeanTyre and RimTechnical
Organisation, Brussels ECE = Economic Commission for Europe (UN
Institution inGeneva) FMVSS = Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
Code & Name:ECE R54-2005 UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNINGTHE APPROVALOF PNEUMATICTYRES FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ANDTHEIRTRAILERS
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1Manufacturer(brand name or logo)
1aTread patternreference
2Sizedesignation315 = tyre width in mm80 = aspect ratio (sectionheight to section width) =80%R = radial construction22.5 = rim diameter (code)
3Servicedescription
consisting of :154 = load index for singlefitment150= load index for dual fitmentL = code letter for speed rating
Fig
4Countryofmanufacture
5USloaddesignationof single/dual fitment and indicationof max. inflation pressure in psi(1 bar = 14.5 psi)
5a Loadrangein accordance with US standard
6 Dataas perUSsafetystandardon inner construction or number ofplies, in this case
Tread:under the tread there are fivesteel cord plies (including carcass)Sidewall:viewed from the side thereis one steel cord ply (in this case thecarcass ply)
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7TWI (TreadWear Indicator)
8 Recommendedapplicationonly ContinentalTruckTyres
9 RegroovableThe manufacturer has designedthe tyre for regrooving
10TubelessTubeType
Fig
11E= tyres complies withvalueset forth in ECE-R 54
4= country code for thecountry in which theapproval number was issued(here: 4 =Netherlands)
12 DOT
13Manufacturercode:
Tyre factoryTyre sizeTyre model Date of manufacture
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Tread depth The main grooves on truck tyres have to have a tread depth of at least 1 mm,
1.6 mm or 2 mm, depending on the law in each country.
On tyres with wear indicators (TWI =Tread Wear Indicators), the tread depth
should be measured in the grooves where the wear indicators are located.
Tyre inflation Tyre pressure should be checked every 2 weeks, at the latest every 4, on the
cold tyre. Spare tyres must also be checked.
Under inflation leads to
Increased flexing, which makes the tyre overheat and may cause tyrefailure;
Increased wear = shorter service life;
Higher rolling resistance and subsequently increased fuel consumption;
Irregular wear.
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Regrooving Tyres which can be regrooved are designated REGROOVABLEon the sidewall
area.
These tyres feature an additional rubber layer between the belt sector and
the tread grooves, which is currently between 2 and 4 mm depending on thetyre size and tread pattern.
This rubber layer can be used to achieve a longer tyre service life by having thetyre regrooved once the appropriate wear limit is reached on the original
tread pattern. A basic continuous layer of 2 mm must still cover the belt.
Storing tyres Tyres should be stored in cool, dry, dark and moderately ventilated rooms.
Tyres which are not fitted on rims should be stored standing up. Avoid contactwith fuel, lubricants, solvents and chemicals.
Tyres age more quickly if exposed to direct sunlight or heat.