Download - TRELLISING OF GRAPEVINES INCREASING YIELD AND QUALITY Andrew Teubes Viticultural Consultant
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TRELLISING OF GRAPEVINES
INCREASING YIELD AND QUALITY
Andrew Teubes
Viticultural Consultant
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In this presentation
• Different types of trellising systems used in the world
• Factors influencing long term grape fruitfulness
• Reasons for trellising or non-trellised cultivation
• Advantages of trellising• Comparison between yields of different
trellis systems
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Grape fruitfulness• Fruitfulness=potential of vine to yield fruit
• Two main factors– Sunlight on leaves of basal buds during spring
period, especially during flowering and fruit set
– Temperature during flowering and fruit set
• Any trellis system that will increase the sunlight exposure of the leaves will result in increased fruitfulness
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Types of trellis systems
• Bush vines (traditional) – no trellis
• Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) – I-trellis
• Semi-horizontal Shoot Positioning– Y-trellis– Double Gable– Trentina (Factory roof)
• Horizontal shoot positioning– T-trellis– Pergola (Spanish Paron, Roof system)
• Unconventional systems
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Traditional bush vine
Afghanistan
Shomali
Mazar
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Traditional bush vine
Egypt(Nile delta)
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Traditional bush vineSpain South Africa
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Traditional bush vine
Uzbekistan
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Why bush vine and not trellis?
• Reasons for bush vine cultivation– Soil potential medium, therefore do not expect
high vigour in plants (shoot growth stops naturally at 70-80 cm)
– No irrigation or Low availability of irrigation water
• Bush vines naturally yield smaller crops than trellised vineyards
– No capital available for installation of trellising materials (poles, wires, anchors)
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Advantages of bush vines
• Low cost– No expensive capital investment required
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Disadvantages of bush vines• Low yield potential
– Not suitable for cane pruning (increased bud load)– No support for shoots under high vigour situations
• Disease control not effective– Poor penetration of sprays into canopy
• Weed control very difficult (only by hand)• Grape clusters have lower quality
– Temperature of clusters higher close to soil surface– Physical damage to clusters close to soil– More dust on clusters
• All labour activities problematic– Pruning, shoot removal, leaf removal, harvesting
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Grape clusters very close to soil
Sun exposure – sun burn
Dust
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Advantages of trellising
• Vine has natural climbing growth habit; trellis provides larger surface area for growth and fruiting
• Increase yield potential– Allows differential pruning techniques (spurs and
canes)• Increase quality of fruit
– Above soil surface, no dust or physical damage– Better micro climate around clusters
• Easy management and mechanization– Weed control– Disease- and pest control– Labour
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Management advantages
Easy control of weeds
Comfortable height for workingand picking grapes
Clusters have protection-sun-dust-physical damage
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Vertical Shoot Positioning
(I-trellis)
ChileSouth Africa
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Semi Horizontal (Y-trellis)
Turkey
Mexico
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Semi Horizontal
(Double Gable)
South Africa
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Semi Horizontal (Trentina)
SouthAfrica
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Horizontal (T-trellis)
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
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Pergola (Roof trellis)
South Africa
Chile
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Unconventional systems• When are they used?
– When trellis materials are not available or too expensive (poles, wires)
– When climatic factors limit the use of conventional systems
• Continental climates with extreme winter chilling– Vines must be covered with soil in winter to protect from
freezing
• Parts of Northern China, old USSR, Afghanistan, Korea
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Egypt Reeds from Nile River is used astrellising material
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Afghanistan(Samangan
region)
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China
Deep ditchplantation to
resist winter freezeof roots
Close vine spacing to increase vines per hectare
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Uzbekistan
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Comparison of performance of trellising systems(Chenin blanc/R99, 1980)
Treatment Bush vines
Bush vines
Single
wire
Two
wire
Three
wire
Four
Wire
Five
Wire
1.5 m
Slanting
(5 wire)
Plant spacing
2.6 x
1.3
1.3 x 1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.75 x
1.3
Plants/ha 2 959 5 917 2 959 2 959 2 959 2 959 2 959 2 797
Material costs
(Rand/ha)
- - 480 750
5.4 t
900 1430 1720
12.3 t
2400
Yield (ton/ha)
12.50%
22.9 26.1 27.5220%
30.3 32.7 33.6270%
42.6
Yield (kg/plant)
4.2 3.9 8.8 9.3 10.2 11.1 11.4 14.4
Income
(Rand/ha @ R140/t)
1750 3206 3654 3850 4242 4578 4704 5964
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Bush vines pruned with short spurs
4.2 kg per vine
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Soil surface
Wire
Post70 c
m
Single wire system
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.
Soil surface
Shoot growth
Wireposition
Single wire trellis
8.8 kg per vine
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Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Two (2) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
m
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.
.Soil surface
Two wire trellis
9.3 kg per vine
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Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Three (3) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
mWire 3
Parallel
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.
Soil surface
Three wire trellis
. .Position of parallel wires
10.2 kg per vine
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Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Four (4) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
mWire 3
Parallel
Wire 4
30 c
m
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.
Soil surface
Four wire trellis
. ..
.11.1 kg per vine
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Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Five (5) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
mWire 3
Parallel
Wire 4
30 c
m
Wire 5Parallel
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.
Soil surface
Five wire trellis
. . .
. . 11.4 kg per vine
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Single slanting trellis5 wires
140
cm
Soil surface
Wires
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. .. .
.
14.4 kg per vine
Soil surface
Single slanting trellis
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Summary
• Trellis systems will always increase yield potential, because– Creates larger area for vine to grow– Allows better sunlight penetration into canopy,
increasing fruitfulness
• Long term high yield will only be sustainable together with– Correct pruning practices– Effective summer shoot management (shoot thinning,
shoot positioning, leaf thinning)
• Regular maintenance of trellis sytem