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Tree problems:
What is causing it?Will the tree live? How to make it go away?
Causes of tree damage and death:
Abiotic causesweatherinjurycultural practices
Biotic causesinsectsdisease
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Abiotic Causes of Plant Disorders(non-living factors)
extremes in temperature or moisture
nutrient imbalance
improper soil pH
chemical injury
site or cultural factors
Abiotic -- damage, weather
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Weather ICE STORMS – Jan 2007, Dec 2007 and Jan 2008 LATE SPRING FREEZE – April 2007
Nearly 100% leaf damage Stressed trees for 2008
DROUGHT – August 2007, 2012, 2013 PRECIPITATION – above normal 2008, 2009, 2011 Increasingly early budbreak -- 2010, 2012 (3-4 weeks
early) …. 2012: Hottest July in 30 years
2012: warmest winter on recordwarmest January – Sept ever recorded
2013, 2014 = cold
Year to year variation
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Ice -- rescue damaged trees Prune damaged branches
Remove broken limbs
Be careful with the bark
Prune before budburst
Diagnosing Plant Problems
1. Accurately identify the plantEach plant has its own requirements
Soil and climate factors :
- pH and nutrient levels
- light intensity
- soil type
- moisture levels
- temperatures
Leaf scorch
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Steps in Diagnosing Plant Problems2. Know your tree. What is normal?
Consider:
normal lifespan
species characteristics such as color, variegation and bark development
normal season changes
Steps in Diagnosing Plant Problems
3. Know the common problems
each plant species has a complement of common disorders
- narrows down the list of potential culprits!
- problems vary by region
consult references
Extension publications,
books, internet,
gardening professionals
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WINTER DESICCATIONPOOR PLACEMENT NEAR HOT STEAM
DIFFERENCE IN SOIL TOP SLOPE VS BOTTOM
ABIOTIC
Distinguish biotic from abiotic
Biological factors that cause plant problems Fungi Bacteria Viruses
Nematodes Phytoplasmas Insects
Animals Parasitic plants
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Signs and symptoms – could be misleading
Oak wilt
Cedar apple rust gall
Galls - many causes
Look for them early in the year
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Common signs of pathogens: bacterial ooze
Slime flux Smells nasty as yeasts or
bacteria, and attractive to insects
No death or major problem for the tree only looks bad
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Diseases to look for
Cedar apple rust Pine needle rust Apple scab Anthracnose Oak wilt Dutch elm disease Verticillium wilt – maple, catalpa, redbud Fire blight
Cedar apple rust (what we see might not be the problem
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Disease cycle of apple scab
Tubakia Leaf Spot on Oak
common late-season leaf disease of oaks
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Anthracnose A consequence of ample precipitation
Ash Anthracnose
Sycamore anthracnoseANTHRACNOSE FUNGI attack :ashbasswoodbirchcatalpaelmhickoryhorsechestnutLondon planetree mapleoaksycamoretuliptree, and walnut
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What to do about anthracnose?
Clean up and destroy fallen leaves Prune Maintain tree vigor Select species that are resistant
Fungicide control is rarely warranted
Fire Blight – a bacterial disease
In spring, disease symptoms can appear as soon as trees begin active growth.
Bacterial ooze on twig from fire blight infection. Photo by Jack Kelly Clark
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Fire Blight Symptoms
Fire Blight Control
Prune and destroy infected branches
Limit over head watering
Improve drainage
Bleach tools after each cut
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How to biotic agents move around?
Oak wilt - a tree killer
Oak wilt
Limit any cutting, pruning activity from April to October. Cover ‘suspicious’ firewood Don’t move firewood
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OAK WILT
Sudden and lethal
PINE PROBLEMSDothistroma Needle Blight
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Symptoms:
Tan or brown needles
Needles do not fall
Pine Wilt Diseasea common problem in Missouri
Pine Wilt Control
No highly effective management tactics have emerged against pine wilt!
Avoid saving wood for burning.
If you use the wood chips for mulch let them dry for 6 weeks.
Never pile the wood chips up on the trunk of the tree
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Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris)
--Very susceptible to the pine wilt nematode --Dead and dying trees should be promptly removed. --Stress conditions such as heat and drought can prompt nematode damage
Don’t plantproblematic pines
Diplodia tip blightStunted needles, resin droplets
Pycnidia (small black fruiting bodies)
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Cankers – disease of the bark
Diffuse cankertarget canker
Hypoxylon
If over 15% of the canopy is infected, tree should be removed
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The next big problem… Thousand Cankers disease
insect-fungal pathogen pest complex of walnuts
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What is a problem and what is NOT.
Adelgid gall midge gall
Braconid eggs on a tobacco hornworm-- a good thing!
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Insect Signs
Holes in Leaves
Holes in bark
Frass
Cast skins
Webbing
or the insect itself!
Oak bullet gall caused by a gall wasp
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Jumping oak gall
White oak foliage turns brown
Oak galls
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Insect Signs
Periodical cicada
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Some insects of note:
Emerald ash borer
Gypsy moth
Asian longhorned beetle
Eastern tent caterpillar
Fall webworm
Bagworms
Emerald ash borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
The beginning of the end of ash in North America?
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All 114 Missouri counties and the City of St. Louis are under quarantine to prevent the accidental spread of the beetle. The quarantine regulates the movement of potentially-contaminated wood products including:Ash nursery stockAny part of an ash tree; including logs, green lumber, waste, compost, chips, etc.Firewood cut from any species of hardwood
TREE SYMPTOMSemerald ash borer
Sparse leaves New sprouts Small, vertical openings
Wood peckeractivity
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Larva: July - Sept
Adults: June - August
Pupa: May –June
Prepupa: Oct – April
Life cycle: typically one generation per year
Diagnosing emerald ash borer: 3 key signs
2. Serpentine galleries just under the bark
1. Small (1/8”) D-shaped exit holes
3. Flat, tapeworm-like larvae with bell-shaped segments.
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Symptoms of EAB: dieback and decline
Thinning canopy
Epicormicbranching
Suckering from roots
Treatments??
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Stopping the spread
1.Don’t move firewood. Emerald ash borer travels in firewood. The easiest way to keep it from spreading is to avoid buying "exotic" firewood and/or moving it from place to place. What is exotic firewood? Any stick of wood that comes from more than 50 miles from the place it was cut. If you burn firewood in your home stove or use it for camping, cut and burn your own or make sure the wood you buy comes from a local forest.
2.Don't plant ash trees. EAB feeds exclusively on ash trees. If you deprive them of food, they can't survive. Choose from any number of other suitable hardwoods for shade, habitat and timber.
3. Learn to identify infestations.
Look alike insects
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Native ash borers are extremely common
Clearwing borers Roundheaded
borers
Asian long-horned beetle
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Asian longhorned beetle
A success story for a while
Hardwood boring damage
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Hosts of ALB
Maples (preferred)
Will also infest:
Horsechestnut,
Elms
Birches
Willows
Poplars
and many others.
Insects that eat leaves(defoliators)
Usually caterpillars
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Preferred Gypsy Moth Host Trees:oaks, apple, sweetgum, basswood, gray and white birch, poplar, willow, hawthorn
Current distribution
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Eastern tent caterpillarone of the first to appear in spring
Malacosoma americanumEastern tent caterpillar
Hosts: Wild cherry, apple, crabapple, ash, birch, blackgum, willow, maple, oak, poplar….
Management of eastern tent caterpillar
Prune and burn twigs with egg masses
Destroy tents as soon as they are obvious
Water spray or Bt (Biobit, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide)
Eastern tent caterpillar larvae
Early instars leave the tent shelter to feed three times a day; later instars feed at night, and rest during the day
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Fall webworm (one of the last in the growing season) Feeds on nearly all tree species except conifers
200 hosts in the US
Prefers open grown trees
Places tent at the ends of branches
Damage primarily aesthetic
Fall webworm (one of the last in the growing season) Feeds on nearly all tree species except conifers
200 hosts in the US
Prefers open grown trees
Places tent at the ends of branches
Damage primarily aesthetic
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Fall webworm and eastern tent caterpillar
Bagworms
Very common
Feed on many plant species
Late spring to late summer defoliator, overwinters as a egg in the old female bag
Complete defoliation and mortality can occur; decreased radial growth is common
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Bagworm cases (containing overwintering eggs)
Bagworm infested tree
Can be handpicked from infested host plants during winter and early spring.
Management applied after eggs hatch and caterpillars are small during early to mid-June.
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Wood boring beetles Pine sawyer vectors pine
wilt disease
Hardwood boring beetles cause structural damage
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Ambrosia beetles
Asian ambrosia beetle
Can attack healthy plants
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Insects with piercing sucking mouthparts
Aphids, scale insects, cicada and mites.
This, not this
Aphids
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Scale insects - <10 mmAmong the most destructive agents on ornamental trees and shrubs
Pine tortoise shell scale
Adult scales are protected by waxy, hard covering. Dormant oils could be effective in early spring on crawlers.
Euonymus Scale
Aphids
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Final thoughts
Watch for signs, symptoms, obvious damage.
Plant the right species in the right place.
Maintain plant vigor.
Understand biology of the plant and the insect.
Ask questions!