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Treatment of Offenders
Treatment of O
ffenders
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Contents
Page
KeyPoints 3
1 Purpose 5
1.1 Overview 5
1.2 Structureofreport 5
2 Communitybasedtreatment 7
2.1 Overview 7
2.2 Keyfeaturesofsuccessfulcommunityprogrammes/interventions 7
2.3 Keyphaseofcommunityprogrammes 8
2.3.1 Arrestandtheperiodfollowingarrest 8
2.3.2 Courtappearance 9
2.3.3 Communitysentence 9
3 Prisonbasedsubstancemisuseprogrammes 11
3.1 Featuresofsuccessfulsubstancemisusesprogrammesinprisons: 11
3.2 Assessment 11
3.3 Careplanning 13
3.4 Interventions-psychosocial 13
3.5 Interventions-pharmacological 14
3.5.1 Appropriateprescribing 14
3.5.2 Opioids 15
3.5.3 Alcohol 16
3.5.4 Benzodiazepines 17
3.5.5 Stimulants 17
3.5.6 Supervisedconsumption 18
3.5.7 Preparingforrelease 18
3.6 Preventingsubstance-releaseddeaths 19
3.6.1 Overdose/toxicity 19
3.6.2 Naloxone 19
3.6.3 Blood-borneviruses 19
3.7 Co-occuringsubstancemisuseandmentalhealthproblems 20
3.8 Tobacco 20
3.9 Offenderswithalearningdisability 21
3.10 Naloxone 21
4 Releaseandresettlementprogrammes 23
4.1 Goodpracticeinrelease/resettlementprogrammes 23
TREATMENTOFOFFENDERS
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Appendix1 25
Appendix2 28
Bibliography 31
Glossary 34
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KeyPoints
Aimedatadultoffenders(aged18andabove)Communitytreatmentsarelikelytobemoreeffectiveformostproblem•substancemisusingoffenders.Imprisonmentcanhaveunintendednegativeconsequencesforproblemsubstancemisusingoffenders,andtherearemanypracticalissuesthatfrustratethedeliveryofsuccessfuldrugtreatmentprogrammesinprisons,particularlyforshorttermprisoners.
Successfulcommunityprogrammesarebaseduponhavingawiderange•ofservicestomeetthedifferingneedsofindividualdrugusingoffenderse.g.servicesthatpromotereintegration(suchashousing,educationandemployment)inordertoimprovelong-termoutcomes.
AneffectiveArrestReferralservice,managedwithintheCriminalJustice•IntegratedTeams(CJIT)iscentraltothemanagementofoffenderswithsubstancemisuseproblemsinCriminalJusticesettings.
TheDrugInterventionsProgramme(DIP)providesapackageofsupport•fordrugmisusingoffendersreachingtheendofaprisonbasedtreatmentprogramme,completingacommunitysentenceorleavingtreatment.
Goodpracticeinprisonsbasedprogrammesfortreatingsubstancemisuse•arebaseduponhavingarangeoftreatmentoptionsandaccesssimilartothoseinthecommunity,includingmaintenanceandsubstitutionoptions.Highqualityharmpreventionprogrammes,toreducedrug-relateddeathsbothfromoverdose/toxicityandblood-bornevirusesneedtobeincluded.
Acomprehensiveassessmentoftheoffender’sneedsandlevelofrisk•shouldbeginassoonaspossibleafterenteringprisonsothatappropriatecareandsupportcanbeprovided.
Effectivelinksbetweenprisonandcommunityservicesarevitalandthe•useofacommonclientrecord,careplanandcollaborativecareplanningwillfacilitatethis.
Protocolsshouldbedevelopedbetweenprisonsandaftercareservices•todealwithearly,unanticipated,andFridayreleases.
Drug-relatedmortalityamongstnewlyreleasedmaleandspecifically•femaleprisonersissignificantlyhigherthantherateamongsttheirpeersinthecommunityandshouldbeamajorconsiderationindischargeplanning.
Aftercareindividualsappearmorewillingtoengagewithserviceswhen•apersistentandnonjudgementalapproachisadopted.Regularcontactwithpotentialclientsininstitutionsislikelytoresultinhigherlevelsofengagement.
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1 Purpose
1.1 OverviewThisdocumentprovidesasummaryfromtheevidenceandprofessionalopiniononwhatisbestpracticeinrelationtothetreatmentofoffenderswithsubstancemisuseproblems.
Itistargetedatplanners,commissionersandprovidersofsubstancemisusetreatmentservicesinboththecommunityandprisons.Itisintendedtoassistthemintheplanninganddeliveryofappropriateservicesanddevelopmentofstandardsfortheprovisionoftheseservices.
IthastobesetinthecontextofthenewWelshAssemblyGovernmentsubstancemisusestrategyforWales“Workingtogethertoreduceharm”.
ThedocumentalsohastobereadinconjunctionwithpreviousevidencebasedgoodpracticeguidanceforWelshAssemblyGovernmentparticularlythosefor:
CommunityPrescribing•
Psychosocialinterventions•
CoexistingSubstanceMisuse/MentalHealthProblems•
AlcoholMisuseinWales.•
Themodulealsohastobereadinconjunctionwiththepublications-Drugmisuseanddependence:UKguidelinesonclinicalmanagement(2007),andtheWelshAssemblyGovernmentPrisonMentalHealthPathway(2006).
Thedocumentdoesnotaddresstheparticularproblemsofyoungoffenderswhichwillbethesubjectofseparateguidance.
WhilstitisacceptedthattheprisonestatewithinWalesdoesnotaccommodatewomenprisoners,theguidancecontainedwithinthisdocumentbydefinitionapplies.OperationalprotocolsareinplacewithlinkedcustodialestablishmentsthroughouttheUK,designedtoensurethatanywomenbeingdischargedintoWalesaredealtwithinaccordancewithpresentingneed.
ThemoduleisbasedupontechnicalreportsprovidedbytheNationalPublicHealthServiceforWales(NPHS)VulnerableGroupsTeamwhichareaccessibleontheNPHSwebsite.AsummaryoftheevidenceforcommunitybaseddrugprovisionisincludedinAppendix1thisdocument.
1.2StructureofreportThereportisessentiallyinthreepartssectionanddetailsgoodpracticein:
CommunitySettings(includingearlyinterventions) Prisons Resettlement
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2 Communitybasedtreatment
2.1 OverviewCommunitytreatmentsarelikelytobemoreeffectivethanimprisonment•formostproblemsubstancemisusingoffenders.
Imprisonmentcanhaveunintendednegativeconsequencesforproblem•substancemisusingoffenders,andtherearemanypracticalissuesthatfrustratethedeliveryofsuccessfuldrugtreatmentprogrammesinprisons,particularlyforshorttermprisoners.
Maximisingtheuseandeffectivenessofcommunitysentencesislikely•tobemorebeneficialthanimprisonmentofproblemsubstancemisusingoffendersforcomparativelylessseriousacquisitivecrimesanddrugpossessionoffences.
Communitysentenceshavethepotentialtoofferbettervalueformoney•anddeliversimilarreductionsinoffending.
Awideandcomplexrangeofsubstancemisuseinterventionprovision•existsinWales.Theseincludeprocessestoidentifysubstancemisusers,interventionstopromoteengagementwithtreatment;andotherservicesandinterventionsthataddresssubstanceuseand/oroffending.(ThisprovisionissummarisedinAppendix2).
ManyoftheseinterventionsaredeliveredwithintheDrugInterventions•Programme(DIP).TheDIPpurposeisto‘breakthecycle’ofdrugrelatedoffendingandprisonbyencouragingoffenderstoengageandremainengagedwithtreatmentservices. (Figure 3 illustrates how the Programme intervenes in the cycle to move offenders out of crime and into treatment.)
TheDIPwillalsoprovideapackageofsupportfordrugmisusingoffenders•reachingtheendofaprisonbasedtreatmentprogramme,completingacommunitysentenceorleavingtreatment.
2.2 Goodpracticeforcommunityprogrammes/interventionsSuccessfulcommunityprogrammesarebasedupon:
Havingawiderrangeofservicestomeetthedifferingneedsofindividual•drugusingoffenders,forexampleservicesthataddressthespecificneedsofstimulantusers.
Effectiveassessmentofproblemdrug-usingoffenders,inordertomatch•themtoappropriateinterventions,withregularreviewsandreassessment.
Havingservicesthatpromotereintegration(suchashousing,educationand•employment)inordertoimprovelong-termoutcomes.
Afocusontheimpactonoutcomesofdeliveryissues,suchasstaff•skillsandpersonaldevelopment,moraleandmanagement,thatimproveconsistencyofservicequality.
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Adequateattentiontosupervisionandmonitoringofpractice,including,•consideringthepotentialforgreateruseofpositiveincentivebasedstrategiestoensurecompliance(contingencymanagement)ratherthanthecurrentpunishmentorientatedfocus.
Interventionsthatadoptholistic,problemsolvingapproachestoaddressing•druguse.
ExtendingtheuseofdrugtestingonArrestinspecificpolicecustody•suites,byexpandingtherangeoftriggeroffencesortestingforawiderrangeofdrugs,isaHomeOfficeinitiative,tobeimplementedasfromthe1April2009.Testingonarrestratherthattestingonchargehasbeenshowntobeeffectiveinincreasingthenumbersengagingintreatment.
Usingschemes,(e.g.DrugInterventionProgramme(DIP)Conditional•Cautioning),thatdivertdrugusingoffendersintheearlystagesoftheiroffendingandproblemdrugusingcareersfromprosecution,onconditionthattheyaddresstheirsubstanceuseandotherproblemsmayhavemerit.
2.3 Keyphasesofcommunityprogrammes2.3.1 Arrestandtheperiodfollowingarrest
AneffectiveArrestReferral(CriminalJusticeInterventionsTeam-(CJIT))Serviceiscentraltothemanagementofoffenderswithsubstancemisuseproblems.ThisservicecanbeprovidedbyArrestReferralWorkers,custodysuitenurses,forensicmedicalexaminersorcustodysuitestaff,applyingtheirspecialistskills.GoodpracticeguidelinesfortheclinicalmanagementofsubstancemisusedetaineesinpolicecustodyhavebeenpublishedbytheFacultyofForensicandLegalMedicineRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists(2007).TheRoyalPharmaceuticalSocietyofGreatBritainhaspublishedguidanceonthepharmaceuticalcareofdetaineesinpolicecustody(2007).
CJITteamsworkinginthecustodysuitesshould:
Identifythosewithsubstancemisuseproblems.•
Undertakedrugtestingonarrest.•
Assess,advice,supportandprovideinformation.•
Referfortreatment.•
Identifyhazardous,harmfulanddependentdrinkers.•
Provideascreeningassessment.•
Giveadviceonalcoholanditsimpactandproviderelevantinformation.•
Providesimplebriefinterventionsforhazardousandharmfuldrinkers•whichcouldbedeliveredbyarangeofappropriatelytrainednon-specialistpractitioners.
Refermoderatetoheavydrinkersincludingthosewithdependenceformore•intensiveinterventions.
Beawareofthekeyissueofsafetyforoffendersatalltimes.•
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Incommunity settingstheprovisionofspecificprogrammesbyCriminalJusticeInterventionTeams(CJIT)caseworkersshouldprovide:
Furtherassessment,careplanningandcasemanagement,foraminimum•periodof13weeks.
Counselling,(whichinsomecircumstancescanincludealcoholmisuse)•groupwork,education,diversionaryactivities,psychosocialinterventions.
Familysupport,includinghousing,financialmanagement,supportwith•familyrelationships.
Prescribing/rapidprescribingservices.•
Asingleassessment/clientrecord.•
AnassurancethatwhereBailrestrictionsareimposed,theyareadhered•toinamannerconsistentwithclearoperationalguidelines.
2.3.2 Courtappearance
ThekeyworkersatthecourtphaseareCJITworkers,providingthe‘ArrestReferral’service.Theirmajorresponsibilitiesaretoprovide:
Assessment,advice,supportandinformation(drugsandalcohol).•
Referralfortreatmenttodrugandalcoholserviceproviders.•
EffectiveLiaisonwithCounsellingAssessmentReferralAdviceand•Throughcare(CARAT)servicesandforthosegivencustodialsentencesviajointCARAT/CJITprotocols.
2.3.3 Communitysentence
WithregardstothecommunitysentencestagetheserviceismanagedbytheProbationservice/NationalOffendersManagementService(NOMS).
TheirmajorresponsibilityisthedeliveryofDrugRehabilitationRequirementsandthecommunitymanagementofPersistentandProlificOffenders(PPO’s).NOMShasclearresponsibilitiesinmanagingthetransitionbetweenCustody,DIPandTier3services.Inthisareaofworkitisimportanttoemphasisethatabstinencebasedapproachestotreatmentmayhavelimitedsuccess,ifthereisanexpectationthatoffenderswillbecompletelydrugfreewithinweeks.TheProbationServicealsooffersalcoholtreatmentprogrammesdeliveredinacommunitysetting.
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3 Prisonbasedsubstancemisuseprogrammes
3.1 GoodpracticeforsubstancemisuseprogrammesinprisonsGoodpracticeinprisonsbasedprogrammesfortreatingsubstancemisusearebasedupon:
Highqualitysystemsofclinicalgovernance.•
Assessmentofneedsacrossthefourdomainsofdrugandalcoholmisuse;•health;socialfunctioning;andcriminalinvolvement.
Arangeoftreatmentoptionssimilartothoseinthecommunity,including•maintenanceandsubstitutionoptions,withthesamelevelofaccessasinthecommunity.
Arangeofinterventionsforsubstancemisusetreatment,including•psychosocialandpharmacologicalinterventionsasappropriate.
Highqualitypreventionprogrammestoreducedrug-relateddeathsboth•fromoverdose/toxicityandblood-borneviruses.
Acareortreatmentplanbasedontheneedsoftheindividual,•whichisregularlyreviewed.
Managementofthecareortreatmentplanbyanamedindividual.•
Supporttomaximisecontinuityofcare,especiallyonrelease.•
Assessmentofriskstodependantchildrenforallsubstancemisusingparents•inrelationtohomevisitsandrelease.
3.2 AssessmentTheassessmentprocessbeginsatreceptionintoprisoncustody,withreceptionscreeningforsubstancemisuse,thepurposeofwhichisto:
Enquireaboutdrugandalcoholmisuse,andtoscreenforevidence•ofdependenceinthosewhoreportcurrentorrecentuse.
Determineimmediatehealthcareneeds,includingwithdrawal,•forwhichthereshouldbeaccesstoadequateandeffectiveprescribingformanagementuponreceptionintolocalprisoncustody.
Afteraninitialassessmentincludingariskassessment,cliniciansshoulddevelopplansofcarewithoffenderstoaddressimmediateconcerns.
Assessingriskisanintegralelementinscreening,triageassessmentandcomprehensiveassessment.Itprovidesinformationthatwillinformthecareplanningprocess.Riskassessmentsshouldinclude:
risksassociatedwithsubstancemisuse(suchasphysical/mentalhealth•damage,acutetoxicity/overdose);
riskofself-harmorsuicide;•
riskofharmtoothers(includingchildprotectionandotherdomestic•violence,abusiveand/orexploitativerelationships,andharmtotreatmentstaff);
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riskofharmfromothers(includingdomesticabuse);and•
riskofself-neglect.•
Whenrisksareidentified,managementplanswillneedtobedevelopedandimplementedtohelpmitigateimmediateconcerns.
Ifclinicianshaveconcernsabouttheneedsandsafetyofchildrenofsubstancemisusersorofvulnerableadults,localprotocolsmustbefollowed.
Acomprehensiveassessmentoftheoffender’sneedsandlevelofriskshouldbeginduringthefirstnightandinductionperiodsothatappropriatecareandsupportcanbeprovided.
Rapidwithdrawalfromdrugscanupsetanindividual’smentalequilibrium,heighteningtheirriskofimpulsiveself-destructivebehaviour.Anoffendercomingintocustodywithcomplexneedsshould,therefore,beprovidedwithclinicaltreatmenttostabilisetheirwithdrawalfromopioidorbenzodiazepinedependence.Considerationshouldbegivenatthisearlystagetotheindicationformaintenanceopioidsubstitutiontreatment.
Acomprehensiveassessmentshouldincludethefollowing:
treatinganyemergencyoracuteproblem;•
confirmingthattheoffenderismisusingsubstances(history,examination•anddrugtesting);
assessingdegreeofdependence;•
identifyingphysicalandmentalhealthproblems;•
identifyingsocialproblems,includinghousing,employmentand•domesticviolence;
assessingriskbehaviour;•
determiningtheoffender’sexpectationsoftreatmentanddesire•tochange;and
determiningtheneedforsubstitutemedication.•
Theassessmentprocessalsoprovidesanexcellentopportunityforclinicianstoprovidebriefinterventionstoreduceimmediateharmfromsubstancemisuse.Itisalsoimportanttoassessthemostappropriatelevelofexpertiserequiredtomanagetheindividual’streatment(thismayalterovertime),andreferorliaiseappropriately.
Theassessmentprocessshouldresultinawrittendocumentthatcanbereferredtoandusedasabasisfordiscussingcareplanning,goalsandobjectiveswiththeoffender.
Agreementoncommon‘standards’ofscreening,assessmentandrecording,isimportantindevelopinganintegratedsystemofcareintheprisonsetting.
Basicawarenesstrainingofassessmentstocustodialsuitestaffandescortstaffcanonlyaddvaluetothecareandattentionofprisoners.
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3.3 CareplanningAssessmentprovidesinformationthatwillcontributetothedevelopmentofacareplan,whichmeetsagreedstandardsandshouldbeagreedwiththeoffender.Itshouldnormallycovertheirneeds(andhowthesewillbemet)inoneormoreofthefollowingdomains;substancemisuse,physicalandpsychologicalhealth,andoffending.IdeallythecareplanshouldbeintegratedwiththeCareProgrammeApproach(CPA),theDrugInterventionRecord(DIR),andTheWalesIn-DepthIntegratedSubstanceMisuseAssessmentToolkit(WIISMAT)specialistsubstancemisuseassessmentprocessforpeopleusingspecialist,substancemisusetreatmentservices.
Thecareplanshouldincludethefollowing:
Settingthegoalsfortreatmentandmilestonesforachievement.•
Indicatinginterventionsplannedandbywhom.•
Makingexplicitreferencetoriskmanagement.•
Identifyinginformationgiventootherprofessionals/agencies.•
Indicatingthenameofthekeyworker.•
Identifyareviewdate.•
Aswithsubstancemisusemanagementinothersettings,thereisaneedtointegrateprescribingpracticewithpsychological,medicalandsocialinterventions.Thiswillrequireclinicianstohaveinputfrom,orfacilitatereferralto,arangeofotherprofessionals.Integrationwithmentalhealthandprimaryhealthcareservicesisalsoveryimportanttoaddressthehighlevelsofcomplexneedswithintheprisonpopulation.
3.4 Interventions-psychosocialTreatmentforsubstancemisuseneedstoincludeapsychologicalcomponent.Psychosocialinterventionsarethemainstayoftreatmentforthemisuseofcocaineandotherstimulants,andforcannabisandhallucinogens.
Psychosocialinterventionscanbedeliveredalongsidepharmacologicalinterventionsoralone,dependingonassessedneedandthegoalsoftreatment.Discreteformalpsychosocialinterventionsmaybeprovidedeitherforsubstancemisuseproblems,suchascocainemisuse,ortoaddresscommon,associatedorco-occurringmentalhealthdisorderssuchasdepressionoranxiety.
Keyworkingisabasicdeliverymechanismforarangeofkeycomponents,includingthereviewofcareortreatmentplansandgoals,provisionofdrug-relatedadviceandinformation,harmreductioninterventions,andinterventionstoincreasemotivationandpreventrelapse.Helptoaddresssocialproblems,suchashousingandemployment,isalsoimportantaspartofthroughcareandaftercare.Discreteformalpsychosocialinterventionsmaybeprovidedinadditiontokeyworking.Theseshouldbetargetedtoaddressingneed.
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StandardsforpsychologicalinterventionsforsubstancemisusehavebeenissuedbytheWelshAssemblyGovernment.Astructuredcarepackageofpsychosocialsupportshouldbeprovidedforoffenderswithsubstancemisuseproblemsinorderto:
complementclinicalinterventions;•
takeintoaccountprevioustreatmentinthecommunityorcustody;and•
provideaplatformforlonger-termsubstancemisusetreatmentinprison•andonrelease.
Interventionsthatneedtobeavailableinthecontextofsubstancemisuseincludebriefmotivationalinterventionsandmutualaid(self-help)approaches.Arangeofmoreintensive,structuredpsychosocialinterventionsmayberequiredforoffenderswithhighlevelsofdependenceonsubstance(s),forthosewithrecurrentproblems,forthosewithcomplexneedsandforthosewhomaybemorevulnerable.Psychologicalinterventionsshouldalwaysbeconsideredforoffenderswhoaredependentonbenzodiazepine.Evaluationoftheapproach,togetherwiththetrainingandsupportneededtosupportit,willbeneededbeforeitcanbeimplemented
Offenderswithsignificantdrugmisuseproblemsmaybeconsideredforatherapeuticcommunitydevelopedforthespecificpurposeoftreatingdrugmisusewithintheprisonenvironment.Forthosewhohavemadeaninformeddecisiontoremainabstinentafterreleasefromprison,residentialtreatmentshouldbeconsideredaspartofanoverallcareplan.
ItisworthdenotingthatoffenderswithanIQlessthan80cannotbeconsideredforaCBTprogrammeandsupportservicesneedtobecognisantoftheneedforCBTorotherpsychosocialinterventions.Thisplacesademandoncommissionerstoensurethesearecateredfor.
3.5 Interventions-pharmacological3.5.1 Appropriateprescribing
Inviewofthepotentiallyrapidonsetofwithdrawaleffectsinprisonandaheightenedriskofself-harmandsuicideamongsubstancemisusersduringtheearlydaysofcustody,aclinicalresponsetophysicaldependenceisessential.Prescribingprotocolsmayprovideasolutiontotheclinicalchallengespresentedbytheprisonenvironment.
Aswithpracticeincommunityservices,non-medicalprescribingshouldbeencouragedanddeveloped.
Adecisiontoprescribe,whatandhowmuchtoprescribewilldependon:
theoveralltreatmentplanfortheindividual;•
clinicalguidelines;•
theclinician’sexperienceandcompetencies;•
discussionwithothermembersofamultidisciplinaryteam;and•
advice,wherenecessary,fromaspecialistinsubstancemisuse.•
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Inthecontextofprescribing,theBritish National Formulary(BNF),whichisupdatedtwiceayear,isakeyreference.ThedosagesstatedintheDrugMisuseandDependence:UKGuidelinesonClinicalManagementandintheBNFareintendedforgeneralguidanceandrepresent,unlessotherwisestated,therangeofdosesthataregenerallyregardedasbeingsuitableforprescribing,inthecontextoftreatingadultswhohavebecomedependant.
Offendersmustbemadefullyawareoftherisksoftheirmedication.Prescribingarrangementsshouldalsoaimtoreducerisks,includingaccidentalingestion,tochildrenandothersinthecontextofhomevisitsorrelease.
Cliniciansshouldaimtooptimisetreatmentinterventionsforoffenderswhoarenotbenefitingfromtreatment,usuallybyprovidingadditionalandmoreintensiveinterventions(pharmacologicalandpsychosocial)thatmayincreaseretentionandimproveoutcomes.Treatmentexitsshouldbenegotiableandrevisited.Intheeventofrelapseinprison,theclinicianshouldexplorethereasonsforthiswiththeserviceuser,anddiscusstreatmentoptions.
3.5.2 Opioids
Opioid substitution treatment
Whereopioidmisusersarereceivedintoprisonhavinghadtheircommunitydosecontinuedinpolicecustody,thistreatmentshouldbecontinuedinprison,subjecttoregularreview.Timespentinpoliceandcourtcustodyoftenresultsinabreakinoffendersreceivingsubstitutemedicationbetweenthedayoftheirarrestandtheirsubsequentreceptionintoprison.
Cliniciansshouldseektoverifyprescriptionsandconsumptionwithcommunityservices,thepoliceorboth,anduseappropriatedrugteststoverifythepresenceofopioidsinthebody.Asoffendersfrequentlyarriveinprisonintheevening,itmaynotbepossibletosecurethisinformationduringaninitialassessment.Prescribingwillthereforeneedtobecircumspectenoughtoaddresstherisksrelatedtothisabsenceofinformation.
Methadoneorbuprenorphine,usedattheoptimaldoserange,areeffectivemedicinesformaintenancetreatment.Buprenorphineandnaloxonecombination(Suboxone®)hasbeenapprovedforrestrictedusewithinNHSWalesforthetreatmentforopioiddependence,interimtoguidancefromtheNationalInstituteforHealthandClinicalExcellence(NICE)shoulditsubsequentlybepublished.
Inthecontextoflowavailabilityofillicitdrugs,offendersmaystabiliseonlowerdosesofopioidsubstitutiontreatmentsinprison,thantheywouldinthecommunity.However,cliniciansshouldbepreparedtouseequivalentdosestothoseusedinthecommunitywhereneeded,toalevelthatachievesappropriateclinicalstability.
Priortorelease,considerationshouldbegiventoreviewingthecurrentdoseofopioidsubstitutewiththeserviceuser,tooptimisetheirlikelyretentionintreatmentonreturntothecommunity.Thismayentailincreasingthedosepriortorelease,inconsultationwiththecommunityprescriber,andexplainingtotheserviceuserwhythisisappropriate.
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Wheredoseinductionisclinicallyappropriate,theindividualshouldbestartedonasuitabledoseofopioidsubstituteandthedoseoptimisedthroughtitration.Thisshouldaimtoachieveaneffectivedosewhilealsoexercisingcautionabouttheinherentrisksoftoorapidanincrease.
Detoxification from opioids
Peopleinprisonshouldhavethesametreatmentoptionsforopioiddetoxificationaspeopleinthecommunity.Cliniciansshouldtakeintoaccountadditionalconsiderationsspecifictotheprisonsetting,including:
practicaldifficultiesinassessingdependenceandtheassociatedrisk•ofopioidtoxicityearlyintreatment;
lengthofsentenceorremandperiod,andthepossibilityofunplanned•release;and
risksofself-harm,deathorpost-releaseoverdose/toxicity.•
Polydruguseiscommonamongoffendersenteringcustody.Incasesofco-dependencyonanycombinationofalcohol,opioidsandbenzodiazepines,morethanonereductionregimenmayberequired,withadditionalcautionnecessaryduetotheinteractionofthesesubstances.Detoxificationfrommorethanonesubstanceshouldnottakeplaceconcurrently.Whenthisisrequired,alcoholdetoxificationshouldusuallybetheinitialpriority.
Methadone,buprenorphineandlofexidinearealleffectiveindetoxificationregimens.Opioiddetoxification,usingthemedicationtheindividualhasbeenmaintainedon,shouldbeofferedinanappropriatesettingtothosereadyforandcommittedtoabstinence.
Whenanopioidsubstituteisprescribed,aperiodofstabilisationoverthefirstfivedaysisadvisableratherthananimmediatereductionofthedose,becauseoftheriskofself-harmandsuicideinthisperiod.Theremayalsobeanincreasedriskofsuicideclosetotheendof,orjustfollowing,completionofadetoxificationregimen.
Detoxificationshouldbeprovidedinassociationwithpsychosocialsupport,aspartofapackagewhichincludespreparationandpost-detoxificationsupporttopreventrelapse.
3.5.3 Alcohol
Offenderswithanalcoholproblemwillneedsupportparticularlywhentheriskofwithdrawalsymptomsishigh.Pharmacologicalinterventionsaremosteffectivewhenusedasenhancementstopsychosocialtherapiesaspartofanintegratedprogrammeofcare.Thisusuallyinvolvesdetoxificationfollowedbyarangeofpsychosocialandpharmacologicalinterventionsasappropriatetopreventrelapse.Thestandardtreatmentsforalcoholdependenceandmisuseapplytothosewhoalsomisuseotherdrugs.
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Threeclassesofpharmacologicaltreatmentshavebeenidentifiedthatareeffectiveinthetreatmentofalcoholmisusers:
medicinesfortreatingwithdrawalsymptomsduringassistedalcohol•withdrawal,
medicinestopromoteabstinenceorpreventrelapse,includinganti-craving•agentsandsensitisingagents,and
nutritionalsupplements,includingvitaminsupplements,asaharmreduction•measureforheavydrinkersandhighdoseparenteralthiamineforthepreventionandtreatmentofindividualswithWernicke’sencephalopathy.
3.5.4 Benzodiazepines
Suddencessationinbenzodiazepineuseinthosewhoaredependentcanleadtoarecognisedwithdrawalstate.However,thereislittleevidencetosuggestthatlong-termsubstituteprescribingofbenzodiazepinesreducestheharmassociatedwithbenzodiazepinemisuse.
Prescribingtoassistwithdrawalshouldonlybeinitiatedwherethereisclearevidenceofbenzodiazepinedependencyfromtheserviceuser’shistory,observedsymptomsanddrugtesting.
Iftheserviceuserisalsoreceivingalong-termprescriptionofmethadoneforconcomitantopioiddependency,themethadonedoseshouldbekeptstablethroughoutthebenzodiazepinereductionperiod.Concurrentdetoxificationfrombothmedicinesisnotrecommendedincommunitysettings.
3.5.5 Stimulants
Clinicianswillseestimulantuserswithawiderangeofseverityofproblems.Themainstayoftreatmentispsychosocialandnon-pharmacological.Therearenoeffectivepharmacologicaltreatmentstoalleviatetheeffectsofwithdrawalfromstimulantsatpresent,includingcocaine.Likewise,nonehaveconvincinglybeendemonstratedtobeusefulinpromotingabstinence.Stimulantwithdrawalshouldbetreatedaccordingtoclinicalindications.
Emergingsymptoms,suchasdepressedmoodandinsomnia,arelikelytobeshort-livedandanyprescribingforthisshouldgenerallybeshort-termandreviewedbeforerenewal.Offendersarrivinginprisonwitharecenthistoryofstimulantuseshouldbeobservedduringthefirstthreedaysofcustodyforanysignofemergingacutephysicalorpsychologicalproblems.Offendersdemonstratingsymptomsofpsychologicaldistressshouldcontinuetobemonitoredandreferredformentalhealthassessmentiftheyareshowingsignsofpsychosisorotherseriousmentalhealthproblems.
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3.5.6 Supervisedconsumption
Supervisedconsumptionshouldbeavailableforalloffendersforalengthoftimeappropriatetotheirneedsandrisks.Thisisusuallycontinuedthroughouttheperiodofremandorprisonsentenceforopioidsubstitutiontreatment.
Additionally,benzodiazepinesmaybeprescribedforsupervisedconsumptiontoenhancecontrolofdiversion.
3.5.7 Preparingforrelease
Researchondrug-relatedmortalityamongstnewlyreleasedmaleandfemaleprisonershighlightsthattheyare29and69timesmorelikely,respectively,todieduringthefirstweekofreleasefromprison,comparedtomalesandfemalesinthegeneralpopulation.Around90%ofthesedeathsweredrug-relatedwithopioidsinvolvedinalmost97%ofthem.
Theprincipalobjectiveinpreparingasubstance-misusingoffenderforreleaseshouldbetopreventoverdose/toxicity.Preventingrelapseandfacilitatingcontinuationintreatment(ifneeded)oraccesstosuitableaftercareprovisionorsupportareimportantinthemselvesandasameansofpreventingoverdose/toxicity.Thefollowinginterventionscanallhelpachievetheseobjectives.
Detoxified,formerlyopioid-dependantindividualswhoaremotivatedtoremaininasupportivecareabstinenceprogrammemaystarttreatmentwithnaltrexonepriortoreleasefromprison.However,naltrexoneshouldbeadministeredundersupervisionanditseffectivenessinpreventingopioidmisusereviewedregularly.
Priortoreleasesomeoffendersrequestre-inductionontoopioidsubstitutiontreatment.Re-inductionshouldbeconsideredforoffenderswhoareabouttoleaveprisonandforwhomthereisaclearlyidentifiableriskofoverdose/toxicity.Thosewiththemostsignificantriskofdeathhaveahistoryofinjectingopioidmisuseimmediatelypriortocustody,longstandingopioiddependenceandpolydrugdependence.Theymayalsohaveahistoryofnon-fataloverdose/toxicity.Re-inductionmaybeofferedaftertheindividualhasbeenofferedanddeclinedrelapsepreventioninterventions,andoncetheimplicationsofrestartingopioidmisusehavebeenexplained.
Prescribingtopromoteabstinenceorpreventrelapseinalcoholdependence,includinganti-cravingagentsandsensitisingagents,maybestartedpriortoreleasewhereappropriate.
Preparationsforsubstancemisusetreatmentpost-release,ifrequired,shouldbeplannedwhereverpossible.Wherereleaseisunanticipated(whenanoffenderisreleasedfollowinganorderfromthecourt,forinstance,orwhereanindividualleavesprisonoutsideofstandardworkinghours),cliniciansshouldoperateacontingencyarrangement,whichmayinvolvemakingadirectreferraltoacommunity-basedsubstancemisusetreatmentservice.
Inadditiontoasubstancemisusetreatmentservicereferral,cliniciansshouldattempttosecureGPsforoffendersbeforetheyleaveprison,adviseboththesubstancemisusetreatmentproviderandGPofdischargemedicinesand,ifappropriate,theneedtoquicklytakeoverprescribing.
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3.6 Preventingsubstance-relateddeaths3.6.1 Overdose/toxicityprevention
Allprisonsshouldhaveanemergencyprotocolinplacethatcoversthemanagementofsubstance-relatedoverdose/toxicity.
Substance-relateddeathsarehighinthefirstweeksfollowingreleasefromprison.Reduced/lossoftoleranceisconsideredtobeasignificantriskfactor.
Fataloverdose/toxicityofteninvolvestheuseofopioidsaloneorincombinationwithotherrespiratorydepressantssuchasalcoholand/orbenzodiazepines.Likewise,alcoholaloneorincombinationalsohasasignificantroleinsubstance-relatedoverdose/toxicity.
Retainingserviceusersinhighqualitytreatmentprotectsagainstoverdose/toxicity.Thisprotectionmaybeenhancedbyotherinterventionsincludingtrainingsubstancemisusersintherisksofoverdose/toxicity,itspreventionandhowtorespondinanemergency.
3.6.2 Naloxone
Naloxoneisanopioidantagonistwhichtemporarilyreversestheeffectsofopioidssuchasheroinandmethadone.Itsuseaspartofapackageofoverdose/toxicitypreventionmeasuresisestablishedpracticeinsomepartsoftheUK.AnumberofdemonstrationsitesarebeingestablishedincommunityandprisonsettingsinWalestoprovidetrainingonoverdose/toxicitymanagementandnaloxoneprovisiontoopioidusersandtheirfamily/carersifappropriate.
Theprisonsiteswillissuenaloxonetooffenderswhoareassessedasbeingatriskofoverdoseonreleasefromprison.Whereoffendersarereleasedfromprisonwithoutanassessmentoriftheyneedtohavetheirinitialsupplyreplaced,theycanvisitademonstrationsiteinthecommunity.Wewilllearnthelessonsfromthedemonstrationsitesandconsiderationwillbegiventorollingouttheprovisionasappropriate.
3.6.3 Blood-borneviruses
Thegeneralprinciplesinrelationtoblood-bornevirusesandotherinfectionsapplyequallytoprisons.Manyoffendersinprisonareatparticularriskofblood-borneviralinfectionsnotonlyduetoinjectingdrugusepriortoprison,butalsoduetotherisksofongoingtransmissionwhilstinprison,suchassharinginjectingequipmentandparaphernalia,unprotectedsexandtattooing.
Prisonsneedtohavehighqualityprogrammesofharmreductionpreventioninterventionsinplace.Reducingpotentialharmduetooverdose,blood-bornevirusesandotherinfectionsshouldbeapartofcareforalloffendersinprison.
Atpresent,policyforprisonsinEnglandandWalesisnottointroduceneedleexchangewheresecurityremainsofparamountimportance.Althoughprovisionofdisinfectanttabletshasbeenintroduced,thereissomeconditionalinternationalevidencetosuggestthatitmaynotbeparticularlyeffective.Thereisgoodinternationalevidencethatisitpossibletoprovidearangeofharmreductionmeasures,includingneedleexchange,withinacustodialsetting.Theemergingevidencebaseneedstobetakenintoaccountindeterminingbestpractice.
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Prisonpresentsanopportunityandachallengetoaddressawiderangeofclinicalneedsofsubstancemisusers,especiallyharmreductioninterventionssuchashepatitisBvaccinationandhepatitisCtreatment.
AsstatedintheImmunisationagainstInfectiousDiseaseguidelinesTheGreenBook,allhighriskdrugmisusersshouldbeofferedvaccinationagainsthepatitisB,andagainsthepatitisA,whereindicated.HepatitisBvaccinationsshouldbecompleted(onasuper-acceleratedschedule).Thisshouldincludeinformationonhowindividualscancompletevaccinationandreceiveaboosterinthecommunity,ifreleasedbeforecompletion.
Alldrugmisusersshouldbeofferedtesting,andifrequired,treatmentforhepatitisC,andhumanimmunodeficiencyvirusinfections.
3.7 Co-occurringsubstancemisuseandmentalhealthproblemsItiscommonforthosewithsubstancemisuseproblemstoalsohaveothermentalhealthdifficulties.Interventionsforthementalhealthproblemsmayalsoneedtobeprovidedintheprisonsetting.Anintegratedapproachisrecognisedasbeingthebestwayofmanagingpeoplewithcomplexneeds.ThisinvolvesconsultationbetweentheCARAT,clinicalsubstancemisuse,primaryhealthcareandmentalhealthteams.
Thosewithseverementalhealthproblemsshouldhavehighqualitycareintegratedwithmentalhealthservices.Detailsofanyplannedcareprovidedbythepatient’scommunitymentalhealthteamandsubstancemisuseservicespriortocustodyshouldbeestablished.Theoffender’sinformedwishesandtheadviceofcommunityprovidersshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenclinicalsubstancemisusecareisplannedintheprisonsetting.Ifdetoxificationisthepreferredaction,thenagradualreductionprogrammeshouldbeprovided.
Whilstinprison,wherethereislessreadyaccesstoillicitdrugs,anoffender’smentalstatemayappeartoberelativelystable.Thereleasecareplanneedstotakeintoaccounttheprevioushistoryofsubstancemisuse,astheoffendermayreturntosubstancemisuseuponrelease.Similarly,aprevioushistoryofsubstancemisusemustalsobeconsideredwhenanoffenderistransferredtoanotherprison.
3.8 TobaccoSmoking-relateddiseasesarehighlyprevalentinsubstancemisusers.Dependenttobaccosmokersarelikelytogainsignificanthealthbenefitsfromquitting.Evidencesuggeststhathelpwithsmokingcessationmaybeassociatedwithimproveddrugtreatmentoutcomes.ChangesinsocietalattitudesandthesmokingbanthatwasintroducedinWalesinApril2007mayincreasethedemandfortreatmentfortobaccodependencegenerally.Offenderswithsubstancemisuseproblemswhosmoketobaccoshouldbeofferedsmokingcessationinterventions.
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3.9 OffenderswithalearningdisabilityOffenderswithbothalearningdisabilityandasubstancemisuseproblemhaveparticularrequirements.Theseareessentiallyaroundissuesassociatedwithcommunication.Itisimportantthatprisonstaffareawareoftheirparticularneedsandthatprogrammesandinterventionsaredeliveredaroundacceptedgoodpractice.Contactwithspecialistlearningdisabilityservicesandprofessionalsareanimportantpartofthisapproach.
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4. Releaseandresettlementprogrammes4.1 Goodpracticeinrelease/resettlementprogrammes
Withregardstogoodpracticeinsubstancemisusetreatmentfollowingrelease,evidenceindicatesthat:
Onentryintocustodyorrehabilitationcentreanindividualshouldbe•assessedassoonaspossibleforthroughcareandaftercareneeds,althoughthesemaychangeastheprisoner/residentprogressesthroughtreatment.
Inprison,priorityforassessmentsshouldbegiventoremandandshort-•sentenceprisoners.
Effectivelinksbetweenprisonandcommunityservicesarevitalandthe•useofacommonclientrecord,careplanandcollaborativecareplanningwillfacilitatethis.
Protocolsshouldbedevelopedbetweenprisonsandaftercareservices•todealwithearly,unanticipated,andFridayreleases.
Aftercareclientsappearmorewillingtoengagewithserviceswhen•apersistentandnonjudgementalapproachisadoptedbystaff.Regularcontactwithpotentialclientsininstitutionsislikelytoresultinhigherlevelsofengagement.
Routinemeetingofclientsattheprisongatewillhelpensurethattheyare,•andremain,incontactwithservices.
Agenciesshouldbeflexible,bothintermsoftheirconditionsforaccepting•clients,andtheamountoftimeforwhichsupportisoffered
Whereverpossible,communitybasedtreatmentservicesshouldcarryout•apostreleasecareplanforthoseheldincustody,ideallypriortorelease.Thisprocessshouldincludethesecuringofcontinuedprescribingatanappropriateclinicallevel.
WorkingrelationshipsbetweenTransitionalSupportServices(TSS)•andprisonstaffneedtobegoodtofacilitatereferrals.
Peermentorsanda24-hourpointofcontactarehighlyvaluedbyclients,•evenifthelatterisrarelyused.
Aftercarestaffrequireclearguidance/trainingregardingthesignsorfeatures•ofhigh-risksituationsandcharacteristicsthatpredisposetheirclientstorelapse,tooverdose(deliberatelyorsemi-deliberately),andtoreturntocrime.
ItisworthacknowledgingthattheProbationServicealsooffersalcohol•treatmentprogrammesdeliveredinacommunitysetting.
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Appendix1
Maintypesofcommunity-baseddrugprovisioninEnglandandWales
TypeofProvision Evidence/Evaluation
Testingonarresttoidentifyheroin,crackandcocaineusersfollowingarrestforacquisitivecrimes.
Thereisnoevidenceontheeffectivenessoftestingeitherasastandaloneformofroutinemonitoringorinprovidedaddedvaluewhenusedincombinationwithtreatmentinterventions.
‘ToughChoices’whichintroducedtestingonarrestandmandatoryassessmenthasincreasedthenumbersbeingtestedandengagingintreatment(TypeIVevidence).
Thereissomeevidencethatsuggeststheeffectivenessofdrugtestingonarrestforidentifyingproblemdrugusingoffendersnotincontactwithservicesmaybeerodedovertime.(TypeVevidence).
Mandatoryassessmentsfollowingapositivetestwhichmayleadtoareferraltodrugtreatmentservices.Itisanoffencetorefusetheassessmentbutnotthetreatment.
Introductionofmandatoryassessmentsfollowingapositivedrugtestonarresthasimprovedtheratesofparticipationinassessment.(TypeIVevidence).
Arrestreferralinvolvesspecialistworkersseeingdetaineesinpolicecustodysuites,andincreasinglyincourttoprovideinformationand,whereappropriate,referraltotreatmentorothermeansofassistance.
Arrestreferral(inareaswherethereisnotesting)hasbeenshowedtobesuccessfulinidentifyingandengagingdrugusersintreatment.(TypeIVevidence)Currentlytherearenopublishedevaluationsthatcomparetheeffectivenessandvalueformoneyofapproachesforidentifyingproblemdrugusingoffendersincustodysuites.
CriminalJusticeIntegratedTeams(CJITs)arethecoreoftheDIP.Theycasemanageoffendersover18andcoordinateservicesandagencies.
Anationalevaluation(undertakenbeforetheintroductionofmandatorydrugtesting)reportedsignificantreductionsindruguseandoffendingamongstthosetakenontoCJITcaseloads(TypeIVevidence).
RestrictionsonBail(RoB)followingapositivetestallowsfordrugtreatmenttobeaconditionofcourtbail.
EvaluationofpilotsinthreeEnglishsitesconcludedthattheimpactonillicitdruguseandoffendingwasunclearbutthereweresomepositivefindingsintermsofcomplianceandtreatmentengagement(TypeIVevidence).
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TypeofProvision Evidence/Evaluation
Prolificandotherpriorityoffenderprogrammeaimstotargetresourcesatoffendersinthecommunitywithsixormoreconvictionsintheprevious12months.
Evaluationoftheschemeshoweda43%reductioninoffendingcomparingthetotalnumberofconvictionsinthe17monthsbeforeandthe17monthsaftertheprogrammeimplementation(TypeIVevidence).
Conditionalcautioningallowsforaconditionconducivetorehabilitation,whichcanincludedrugtreatment,tobeaconditionofapolicecaution,withprosecutionfortheoriginaloffencepossibleiftheoffenderdoesnotcomply.
Anassessmentoftheearlystagesofimplementationshowedthattheuseofconditionalcautionsvariedwidelybetweenareas.Ofthosegivenaconditionalcautionaboutafifthhadsomesortofdrugreferralcondition.Aboutaquarterofthosegivenaconditionalcautionsfailedtocomplywithsomeaspectsofthisandwereprosecuted.
DrugTreatmentandTestingOrders(DTTOs)andnowDrugRehabilitationRequirements(DRRs)arecommunitysentenceswhichresultinsanctionsiftherequirementsarenotmet.
TodatenoevaluationofDRRhasbeenpublishedbutareportontheimpactofDTTOsonoffendingwaspublishedbytheHomeOfficein2003.Thisreportwasbasedon210offendersfollowedupfor2yearsafterthestartoftheorder.
• Datawereonlyavailableon174offenders,ofthese80%hadbeenreconvictedwithin2years.
• CompletionratesforDTTOswerelow.Outcomeinformationwasavailablefor161offenders,30%finishedtheirorderssuccessfully,67%hadtheirordersrevoked.
• Therewasastatisticallysignificantdifferenceinoffendingbetweenthosewhocompletedtheirorders(53%)andthosewhoseorderswererevoked(91%).
• 44%ofoffendersinEnglandandWaleswhostartedDRR/DTTOin2006/2007completedcomparedwith28%ofthosewhostartedin2003(TypeIVevidence).
TheOffenderSubstanceAbuseProgramme(OASP)andAddressingSubstanceRelatedOffending(ASRO)areaccreditedbehaviour-changeprogrammes,sometimesattachedtocommunityorders.P-ASROisaprisonbasedversionofASRO.
ThereisnopublishedevidenceassessingOASP,ASROandP-ASRO,howevertheseprogrammesareaccreditedTheJointPrisonProbationAccreditationPanel.
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TypeofProvision Evidence/Evaluation
Drugcourtsandsimilarcommunityjusticecourtshavebeenpiloted.TheybuildonDTTOsandDRRsbyprovidingcontinuityofsentenceforthereviewprocessanduseaproblem-solvingandinter-agencyapproachtohelpaddressthecausesofoffending.
Goodinternationalevidencebase.EvaluationofthedrugcourtpilotsinScotlandfoundthatasizableproportionofclientsmadesubjecttoDrugCourtOrderswereabletoachieveandsustainreductionsindruguseandassociatedoffendingbehaviour.(TypeIVevidence)
Type1evidence(strongestevidence):atleastonegoodsystematicreview(includingatleastonerandomisedcontrolledtrial).
TypeIIevidence:atleastonegoodrandomisedcontrolledtrial.
TypeIIIevidence:welldesignedinterventionalstudieswithoutrandomisation.
TypeIVevidence:welldesignedobservationalstudies.
TypeVevidence(weakestevidence):expertopinion;influentialreportsandstudies.
Source:BarkerJ,WeightmanAL,LancasterJ.ProjectfortheenhancementoftheWelshProtocolsforHealthGain:projectmethodology2.Cardiff:DuthieLibrary;1997.
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Appendix2
Figure1:Interventionsforproblemdrug-usingoffenderswithinthecriminaljusticesystem-community-basedprovision
Processestoidentify
drugusersforinterventions
Interventionstopromoteengagementwithtreatment
andotherservices(ormaintaindrug-freestatus)
Interventionsaddressing
substanceuseand/oroffending
Drugtestingandmandatoryassessment
ArrestReferral
Court-basedassessments
Criminaljusticeinterventionsteam(CJIT)case-management
Prolificandotherpriorityoffender(PPO)programme
RestrictionsonBail(RoB)
Conditionalcautioning
Diversionfromprosecution
Probationorderswithdrugtreatmentconditions
DrugRehabilitationRequirements(DRRs)
DrugCourtsandCommunityJusticeCourts
InterventionOrders
Drugtestingandotherdrug-relatedconditionsonreleaseonlicence
AddressingSubstanceRelatedOffending(ASRO)
OffenderSubstanceAbuseProgramme(OASP)
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Figure3:HowtheDIPprogrammeworksatallstagesoftheCJS
Case management by CJIT
Case managem
ent by CJIT (by CJIT or NO
M)
Case
man
agem
ent
by C
JIT
Case management (by CARATs in prison or NOMS in community)
Adultdrug-misusing
offender
Access to theProgramme via CJIT
worker in police custody(Required Assessment
or voluntaryassessment)
Restrictionon Bail drives
access totreatment
Access totreatmenton remand
Community sentence
Access to treatment via
Drug RehabilitationRequirement
Access to treatmentand release planning
in custody
Access to aftercaresupport (housing,
training etc) in appropriate cases
Access totreatment
via conditionalcautioning
Access to theProgramme via CJIT worker
in police custody (Required Assessment
or voluntaryassessment)
Custodialsentence
No (or reduced)drug misuse
and offending No (or reduced)drug misuse
and offending
Courtprocess
Release andresettlement
Trigger offence,arrest, drug
testing (Class A)
Charge where applicable,drug testing (Class A)
if not carried out earlier
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GlossaryArrestreferralservice Arrestreferralworkersoperateinpolicestationsand
interviewarresteestoidentifythosewithadrugproblemforonwardreferraltootheragencies.
CARAT Counselling,Assessment,Referral,AdviceandThroughcareteamsoperatewithinprisons.Theyundertakeassessmentsoftheneedfordrugservicesandprovideone-to-onemotivationalsupportandgroupworkforproblemdrugusers.Theyalsoprovidecasemanagementfacilitatingaccesstoawiderrangeofservicesbothincustodyandoninitialrelease.
CJIT CriminalJusticeIntegratedTeamsarecommunitybasedandassessoffenderswhotestpositive.Theyprovidecasemanagement,referringoffenderstotreatmentandorganisingtheprovisionofothersupportsuchashousingandemploymentservices.
DIPDrugInterventions Programmeprovidesarangeofinterventionsaimedatgettingproblemdrug-usingoffendersintotreatmentandothersupport.
TSS TheTransitionalSupportServiceaimstoprovide‘throughthegate’mentoringandsupportforshortsentenceprisoners(usuallylessthan12monthssentence)forupto12weeksfollowingtheirrelease.Theserviceisdesignedtoaddressthepracticalresettlementneedsofthosewithon-goingsubstancemisuseproblems.Theprimaryfocusisonincreasingaccesstodrugtreatmentbuttheschemealsoaddressesproblemsthatmayleadtore-offending,suchashomelessness,relationshipdifficulties,finance,loweducationalattainmentandunemployment.
NOMS TheNationalOffenderManagementServiceisresponsibleforoverseeingthemanagementofoffendersinprisonandinthecommunity.NOMSusestheconceptofthe‘end-to-endmanagement’ofoffenders.AsingleoffendermanagerwillsuperviseeachoffenderthroughouttheircontactwiththeCriminalJusticeSystem(CJS),anddrawonanappropriaterangeofservicesprovidedbyagenciesfromallsectors.