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English for Translation 12nd Class : March, 03, 2013
Yanuar Philip Wijaya
Universitas TerbukaKorea Selatan
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Module 1 Agriculture
English translation to Bahasa Indonesia
Source: Encyclopedia and Text Book
Learning Activity 1 (already discussed last week)
Learning Activity 2 (lets discuss now!)
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Task 1
AGRICULTURE
If you ask the average person what agriculture is, he will
probably reply, Why, it means farming, of course. He
will be partly right, for raising crops is a branch of
agriculture. So also are livestock raising, dairy farming,
fruit growing, chicken raising, and even fur farming.
Agriculture includes the raising of every kind of plant
and animal that is useful to man.
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EXERCISE 1
See Paragraph 2 10 on your module
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Task 2
With all its many branches, agriculture is the worlds most important
industry. It supplies the food we eat and many of the materials from
which we make our clothing. Modern agriculture also provides
business for many other industries. Farmers buy tractors, plows,
seeders, and many other kinds of equipment. They buy supplies
such as fertilizer, chemical sprays, and animal feed. The
manufacturers from whom they buy these things in turn buy raw
materials from other industries. Grocery stores and supermarkets,
restaurants, and lunch counters, and companies that can and freeze
food would have nothing to sell without agriculture. Railroads and
truck lines that carry farm products to market are among the otherindustries that depend directly or indirectly on agriculture.
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Task 3
TYPES OF FARMING
Farms are classified according to the type of farming
that is done and the kinds of crops and livestock that are
raised. They may be classified in several different ways,
such as general, specialized, intensive, and extensive
farms.
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Task 4
A farm may fall into more than one classification at the
same time. For example, it may be both extensive and
specialized.
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Task 5
General Farming
A farm where a variety of things are raised is called a
general farm. On such a farm there may be a herd of
dairy cows whose milk the farmer sells. There may also
be hogs, sheep, or poultry to provide extra income and
supply some of the familys needs. The farmer may raise
some of the hay and grain for feeding his animals. There
may be some cash crop such as tobacco, soybeans, or
vegetables. Cash crops, as the name indicates, areraised to be sold rather than for use on the farm.
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Task 6
Specialization
There are many factors that influence the types of crops
and livestock that a farmer raises. One of the most
important is climate, which includes temperature, length
of growing season, sunshine, and rainfall. Another is the
type of soil. A third is the amount of water available for
irrigation. Other factors are the terrain (whether the land
is level and easily cultivated or steep and rocky),
distance to markets, perishability of the product, anddemand for the product.
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Task 7
By concentrating on the particular crops or animals that
fit in best with his situation, the specialized farmer hopes
to use his land in the most efficient and profitable way.
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Task 8
For example, farmers in the semi-arid western plains of
the United States and Canada specialize in raising
wheat and other drought-resisting grains. The reason is
that these plants will survive there while moisture-loving
crops would fail. The land is generally level and the soilis free from large stones, so that it is practical to use
large machines for cultivation and harvesting. Farmers in
this region of vast natural grasslands could also raise
cattle if they wished, but grain pays them better.
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Task 9
West of plains there are vast mountainous regions where
the land is too steep and rocky to cultivate. However,
there are natural grasses that cattle and sheep can eat.
Mountain streams provide a water supply. Here ranching
takes the place of farming, for livestock can be raisedprofitably but plant crops cannot.
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Task 10
Many farmers in New England, New York State, and
Pennsylvania have found it profitable to specialize in
producing fresh milk for the towns and cities of the
northeastern states. The relatively cool summers and
heavy rainfall are almost ideal conditions for pastureland, hay, and other feed crops. And markets are within
easy trucking distance.
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Module 2 Agriculture
English translation to Bahasa Indonesia
Source: Newspaper and Article
Learning Activity 1 (lets discuss now!)
Learning Activity 2 (for homework)
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Task 1
WHAT ARE TRANSGENIC PLANTS?
A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which
have been artificially inserted instead of the plant
acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene
sequence (known as the transgenic) may come from
another unrelated plant, or from a completely different
species: transgenic Bt corn, for example, which
produces its own insectiside, contains a gene from a
bacterium.
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EXERCISE 1
See Paragraph 2 10 on your module
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Task 2
Plants containing transgenic are often called genetically
modified or GM crops, although in reality all crops have
been genetically modified from their original wild state by
domestication, selection, and controlled breeding over
long periods of time.
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Task 3
WHY MAKE TRANSGENIC CROP PLANTS?
A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of
genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and
productive as possible. Depending on where and for
what purpose the plant is grown, desirable genes may
provide features such as higher yield or improved
quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat,
cold, and drought.
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Task 4
Combining the best genes in one plant is a long and
difficult process, especially as traditional plant breeding
has been limited to artificially crossing plants within the
same species or with closely related species to bring
different genes together. For example, a gene for proteinin soybean could not be transferred to a completely
different crop such as corn using traditional techniques.
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Task 5
Transgenic technology enables plant breeders to bring
together in one plant useful genes from a wide range of
living sources, not just from within the crop species or
from closely related plants. This technology provides the
means for identifying and isolating genes controllingspecific characteristics in one kind of organism, and for
moving copies of those genes into another quite different
organism, which will then also have those
characteristics.
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Task 6
This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what
they have always done generate more useful and
productive crop varieties containing new combinations of
genes but it expands the possibilities beyond the
limitations imposed by traditional cross-pollination andselection techniques.
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Task 7
HOW DO YOU MAKE A TRANSGENIC PLANT?
Introduction to DNA
The underlying reason that transgenic plants can be constructed is
the universal presence of DNA (deoxyribonucleuic acid) in the cells
of all living organisms. This molecule stores the organisms geneticinformation and orchestrates the metabolic processes of life.
Genetic information is specified by the sequence of four chemical
bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) along the length of
the DNA molecule. Genes are discrete segments of DNA that
encode the information necessary for assembly of a specific protein.
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Task 8
The proteins then function as enzymes to catalyze
biochemical reactions, or as structural or storage units of
a cell, to contribute to expression of a plant trait. The
general sequence of events by which the information
encoded in DNA is expressed in the form of proteins viaan mRNA intermediary is shown in the diagram below.
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Task 10
The transcription and translation processes are
controlled by a complex set of regulatory mechanisms,
so that a particular protein is produced only when and
where it is needed. Even species that are very different
have similar mechanisms for converting the informationin DNA into proteins; thus, a DNA segment from bacteria
can be interpreted and translated into a functional
protein when inserted into a plant.
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FORMATIVE TEST 1
See Paragraph 11 and 12 on your module
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Task 11
Among the most important tools in the genetic engineers
tool kit are enzymes that perform specific functions on
DNA. The image at left (Voet, Donald 1995
Biochemistry) shows the structure of DNA as a double
helix with the phospate backbone in yellow-green andthe bases in white or teal green.
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Task 12
The blue and red figures represent the 3-D structure of a
restriction enzyme (EcoR1) which recognizes and cuts
the DNA at a specific region of the DNA. Other enzymes
known as lipases join the ends of two DNA fragments.
These and other enzymes enable the manipulation andamplification of DNA, essential components in joining the
DNA of two unrelated organisms.
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Please read Module 5 before the next class