Download - Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals
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BY:- Dr. YASMEEN AHMED Dr. AJAY SRIVASTAVA
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Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one patient into the circulatory system of another.
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INDICATIONS OF BLOOD INDICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONTRANSFUSION
ANAEMIA :- ANAEMIA :- a)Acute haemorrhagica)Acute haemorrhagic b)Chronic haemorrhagicb)Chronic haemorrhagic c)Haemolytic anaemiac)Haemolytic anaemia
BLEEDING DISORDERSBLEEDING DISORDERSHYPOPROTEINAEMIAHYPOPROTEINAEMIABURNSBURNSTo provide specific & non-specific To provide specific & non-specific
resistance against infection.resistance against infection.
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Whole blood preferred:- Haemorrhagic Whole blood preferred:- Haemorrhagic anaemiaanaemiaPacked blood cells:- Haemolytic Packed blood cells:- Haemolytic
anaemiaanaemiaPlasma:- Bleeding disorders, Plasma:- Bleeding disorders,
hypoproteinemia , Burns.hypoproteinemia , Burns.Serum:- Immunity. Serum:- Immunity.
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50% of transfused blood entered the 50% of transfused blood entered the circulation within 24 hrs.circulation within 24 hrs.
Max. conc. of transfused cells in Max. conc. of transfused cells in circulation :-2-3 days after injection.circulation :-2-3 days after injection.
Satisfactory in case of piglets.Satisfactory in case of piglets. Indicated in shocked & uncooperative Indicated in shocked & uncooperative
animals.animals.
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Valuable in replacement of erythrocytes.Valuable in replacement of erythrocytes. Treatment of hemolytic anaemia in lambs.Treatment of hemolytic anaemia in lambs.
Not satisfactory for treatment of hypovolumic Not satisfactory for treatment of hypovolumic shock.shock.
Absorption of RBC is delayed.Absorption of RBC is delayed. Not recommended in Ascitis,Peritonitis, Not recommended in Ascitis,Peritonitis,
Abdominal distention,Peritoneal adhesion.Abdominal distention,Peritoneal adhesion.
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Best method in large % of cases.Best method in large % of cases. Slow I.V. drip usually most desirable Slow I.V. drip usually most desirable
method.method. Jugular vein is preferred.Jugular vein is preferred. Dogs:- Cephalic or Recurrent tarsal Dogs:- Cephalic or Recurrent tarsal
vein.vein.
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Satisfactory in treatment of hypovolumic Satisfactory in treatment of hypovolumic shock.shock.
Therapeutic effects of transfusion Therapeutic effects of transfusion delivered by I.V. injection are extremely delivered by I.V. injection are extremely rapid.rapid.
Suitable method when large volume of Suitable method when large volume of blood is transfused.blood is transfused.
Useful in emergency cases.Useful in emergency cases.
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Administration at too rapid rate:-Administration at too rapid rate:- a) overloading of circulationa) overloading of circulation b) acute heart failureb) acute heart failureOther complications:- Other complications:- a) Heart rate increases a) Heart rate increases
rapidlyrapidly b) Weaknessb) Weakness c) Dyspnoea precede c) Dyspnoea precede
collapse collapse
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Limited application in kittens & Limited application in kittens & small dogs.small dogs.
75.3% of RBC transfuse into 75.3% of RBC transfuse into medullary cavity remain intact.medullary cavity remain intact.
Maximal uptake obtained in 5 Maximal uptake obtained in 5 minutes. minutes.
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Provide rapid access to central Provide rapid access to central
compartment of circulatory system.compartment of circulatory system. Demonstrate efficacy & onset of action.Demonstrate efficacy & onset of action.
Contraindicated for placement of Bone Contraindicated for placement of Bone marrow needle :- Skeletal abnormality, marrow needle :- Skeletal abnormality, skin & wound infection, abscess & skin & wound infection, abscess & fracture.fracture.
Contraindicated :- Septic shock.Contraindicated :- Septic shock.
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Less frequently used.Less frequently used.Less than 3% of RBCs are absorbed, Less than 3% of RBCs are absorbed,
97% are destroyed.97% are destroyed.
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HORSE:- 10-20 ml/ kg/ hr.HORSE:- 10-20 ml/ kg/ hr. CATTLE:- 4.5 l/ hr.CATTLE:- 4.5 l/ hr.
100 drops/ min.100 drops/ min. Amount of blood required for transfusion Amount of blood required for transfusion
depends on:- a) Size of recepientdepends on:- a) Size of recepient b) Volume of blood loss.b) Volume of blood loss.
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Due to a blood type incompatibility.Due to a blood type incompatibility. It is a class II (Ag-Ab) hypersensitivity It is a class II (Ag-Ab) hypersensitivity
reaction.reaction. Common reaction, particularly in dogs & Common reaction, particularly in dogs &
horses.horses. Reaction time depends upon the type of Reaction time depends upon the type of
antibody involved (IgM or IgG).antibody involved (IgM or IgG). Hemolysis can be :- a) ExtravascularHemolysis can be :- a) Extravascular b) Intravascular b) Intravascular
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Result of extravascular hemolysis.Result of extravascular hemolysis.May occur in dogs :- incompatible May occur in dogs :- incompatible
blood on first transfusion.blood on first transfusion.Usually mild & may not be Usually mild & may not be
recognised.recognised.Common signs are :- fever, Common signs are :- fever,
anorexia & jaundice.anorexia & jaundice.Minimized by using cross Minimized by using cross
matching or cross-matched blood.matching or cross-matched blood.
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ICTERUS OF SCLERA & MUCUS MEMBRANE
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Reported in cats, dogs, cows, pigs & horses.Reported in cats, dogs, cows, pigs & horses.Clinical signs :- weaknessClinical signs :- weakness failure to thrivefailure to thrive haemoglobinuriahaemoglobinuria deathdeathNeonatal immune-mediated Neonatal immune-mediated
thrombocytopenia reported.thrombocytopenia reported.Occur when a female animal of one blood Occur when a female animal of one blood
type is mated to a male of another.type is mated to a male of another.
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Usually due to Anaphylactic reaction.Usually due to Anaphylactic reaction.Mediated by IgE antibody which Mediated by IgE antibody which
activate Mast cells.activate Mast cells.Frequently seen with infusion of Frequently seen with infusion of
plasma.plasma.Can occur on first transfusion.Can occur on first transfusion.Minimize by pre-treatment with Minimize by pre-treatment with
Antihistaminics & slow transfusion Antihistaminics & slow transfusion rate.rate.
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MINOR SKIN REACTIONSMINOR SKIN REACTIONS:-:-PruritisPruritisFacial edemaFacial edemaWhealsWhealsUrticariaUrticaria SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONSSEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS:-:-Broncho-constrictionBroncho-constrictionCardiopulmonary arrestCardiopulmonary arrest
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Produces mild & transient fever.Produces mild & transient fever.Most common type:- observed with Most common type:- observed with
whole blood.whole blood.Suspected:- when temperature Suspected:- when temperature
increase of atleast 1˚C with no other increase of atleast 1˚C with no other cause.cause.
Can occur on first transfusion.Can occur on first transfusion.Vomiting & tremor may be seen.Vomiting & tremor may be seen.
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Reported in Dogs with Haemophilia A.Reported in Dogs with Haemophilia A.Occur due to development of platelet Occur due to development of platelet
specific Antibody.specific Antibody.Platelet count may normalized within Platelet count may normalized within
4-6 days of Corticosteroid therapy.4-6 days of Corticosteroid therapy.
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Similar to Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.Similar to Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.Recognised in Pigs.Recognised in Pigs.Develop Thrombocytopenia.Develop Thrombocytopenia.Clinical signs:- Cutaneous Clinical signs:- Cutaneous
haemorrhagehaemorrhage..
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TRANSFUSION REACTION BY COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
PRODUCT CONTENT REACTION Whole blood RBCs, WBCs,
Plasma, Platelets, Anticoagulant
Fever Acute hemolytic rxn Vol. overload
Packed RBCs RBCs Acute hemolytic rxn Fever
Fresh frozen plasma
Plasma, Anticoagulants,All clotting factors,Ig’s
Vol. overload Allergic rxn Fever
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Platelet rich Platelet rich plasmaplasma
Platelets, Platelets, PlasmaPlasma Allergic rxnAllergic rxn
FeverFever
Frozen plateletsFrozen platelets 1×10¹¹ 1×10¹¹ platelets,platelets,PlasmaPlasma
BradycardiaBradycardia
Cryo poorCryo poor plasmaplasma
Factors II, IV, Factors II, IV, IX, XIX, X
Allergic rxnAllergic rxn FeverFever
Cryo pptCryo ppt Factors VIII, Factors VIII, XIII,FibrinogenXIII,Fibrinogen
Allergic rxnAllergic rxn FeverFever
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Reasons :-Reasons :- A)Failure to administer sufficient blood.A)Failure to administer sufficient blood. B)Irreversible changes occur in patient.B)Irreversible changes occur in patient. C)Short survival of transfused RBCs.C)Short survival of transfused RBCs. In Horses, survival of RBCs:- 60-100% at 4 daysIn Horses, survival of RBCs:- 60-100% at 4 days In Cattle RBCs remain in recepient circulation:-upto In Cattle RBCs remain in recepient circulation:-upto
24 hr.24 hr. Main site of RBC destruction:- Lung & Spleen. Main site of RBC destruction:- Lung & Spleen.
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CURRENT VETERINARY THERAPY-IX SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE:- CURRENT VETERINARY THERAPY-IX SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE:- ROBERT W. KIRKROBERT W. KIRK
VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:- VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:- MARY MARY ANNAL THRALL, DALE C, BAKER, E DUAVE ANNAL THRALL, DALE C, BAKER, E DUAVE
VETERINARY MEDICINE-A TEXTBOOK OF DISEASE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE-A TEXTBOOK OF DISEASE OF CATTLE,SHEEP,PIG,GOAT AND HORSES:- CATTLE,SHEEP,PIG,GOAT AND HORSES:- OTTO M. RADOSTITS, OTTO M. RADOSTITS, CLIVE C. GRAY, DOUGLAS C. BLOOD, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF.CLIVE C. GRAY, DOUGLAS C. BLOOD, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF.
SCHALM’S VETY. HEMATOLOGY:- SCHALM’S VETY. HEMATOLOGY:- NEMI C. JAIN.NEMI C. JAIN.
HANDBOOK FOR VETY. CLINICIANS:- HANDBOOK FOR VETY. CLINICIANS:- BHIKANEBHIKANE
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