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TRAINING METHODS
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Introduction
A training method is the process of learning the
skills you need to do a particular job or activity. The method by which training is delivered often
varies based on the needs of the company, the
trainee, and on the task being performed.
The method chosen will motivate employees to
learn, help them retain and transfer what they have
learned and enhance performance with other skills
and knowledge.
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Methods of Training
Behavioral
Method
Games &
Simulations
Behavior Modeling
Business Games
Case Studies
Equipment Simulators
Role Plays
On the Job
Training
Coaching
Mentoring
Job Rotation
Job Instruction
Technique (JIT)
Off the Job
Training
Sensitivity
Training
TransactionalAnalysis
Lectures
Simulation
ExercisesCa
se Study
Training &
Development
Management
Development
Cognitive
Method
Lectures
Demonstration
DiscussionsComputer
Based Training
Intelligent Tutorial
System (ITS)
Programmed
Instructions (PI)Virtual Reality
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Lectures
A lecture is the method learners often most
commonly associate with college and secondaryeducation.
In this method, the trainer does all of the talking.
He or she may use handouts, visual aids,question/answer, or posters to support the lecture.
Communication is primarily one-way: from theinstructor to the learner.
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Pros and ConsPros Less time is needed for the trainer to prepare than
other methods.
Quick and simple way to present knowledge to largegroups of trainees
Cons Does not actively involve trainees in training process.
The trainees forget much information if it ispresented only orally.
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Demonstration
Demonstration is very effective for basic skills
training.
The trainer shows trainees how to do something.
The trainer may provide an opportunity for
trainees to perform the task being demonstrated.
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Pros and Cons
Pros Emphasizes the trainee involvement.
Engages several senses: seeing, hearing, feeling,touching.
Cons Requires a great deal of trainer preparation and
planning. Needs to be an adequate space for the training to
take place.
Poor work habits can be learned by the trainee.
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Computer- Based Training (CBT)
CBT is a method in which a trainee learns by
executing special training programs on a
computer relating to his/her job.
Trainee uses interactive computer based systemsto increase his or her knowledge or skills.
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Some CBT Techniques
Intelligent Tutorial System (ITS)
When the CBT system is able to provide some of theprimary characteristics of a human tutor, it referredto an ITS system.
Expert systems are used to run the tutoring aspectof the training, monitor trainee knowledge within aprogrammed knowledge model and provide
adaptive tutoring based on trainee responses.
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Some CBT Techniques Cont.
Computer-based Programmed
Instruction (CPI)
CPI programs consist of text, graphics and
multimedia enhancements that are stored in
memory.
Presents the trainees with information in the
chunk, and then tests them on their retention of the
information.
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Some CBT Techniques Cont.
Virtual Reality
Advanced form of computer simulation, placing thetrainee in a simulated environment that is virtuallythe same as the physical environment.
This simulation is accomplished by the trainee
wearing special equipment such as head gear,gloves and so on, which control what the trainee isable to see, feel and other senses.
The trainee learns by interacting with objects in
the electronic environment to achieve some goal.
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Pros and Cons
Pros Quick and faster
Instructional consistency
Increased retention
Cons
Very expensive
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Simulated Training
Trainees learn on the actual or simulated equipment
they will use in the job, but are actually trained off the
job.
Trainees participate in a reality-based, interactive
activity where they imitate actions required on the job.
It is necessary when it is too costly or dangerous to
train employees on-the-job such as in airplane pilot
training.
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Pros and Cons
Pros Useful technique for skills development.
Training becomes more reality-based.
Directly applies to jobs performed after training.
Cons
Simulations are time-consuming. The trainer must be very skilled and make sure that
trainees practice the skills correctly.
Only perfect practice makes perfect.
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RolePlays
During a role play, the trainees assume roles and act
out situations connected to the learning concepts.
It is good for customer service and sales training.
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Pros and Cons
Pros Trainees can learn possible results of certain
behaviors in a classroom situation. Opportunity to practice people skills.
Possible to experiment with many differentapproaches.
Cons A lot of time is spent making a single point.
Trainers must be skilled and creative.
In some role play situations, only a few people get to
practice while others watch.
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On-the-Job Training (OJT) OJT means having person learn a job by actually doing
it.
It is one of the best training methods because it is
planned, organized, and conducted at the employee's
worksite.
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Pros and Cons (OJT)Pros Cost effective.
Trainees learn while producing. Highly practical and reality-based.
Helps the employee establish important
relationships.
Cons Training is not standardized for employees.
Learningenvironment may not be conducive.
Potential disruption to production.
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Apprenticeship Training
Combination of on-the- job training and related
classroom instruction by which people becomeskilled workers.
Usually consists of full time on the job experience
where trainee learn how to do the job in the real
world.
Trainee will be working with a skilled trainer who
will teach him the skills he need.
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Informal Learning
It happens through processes not structured or sponsored
by an employer.
Informal learning is the term which describes what
happens the rest of the time.
Process by which trainees acquire values, skills and
knowledge from daily experience and the resources in
their environment.
Example: by performing their jobs in collaboration with
their colleagues.
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Programmed Learning
A systematic method for teaching job skills that consists
of three parts:
Presenting questions, facts or problems to the learner
Allowing the person to respond
Providing feedback on the accuracy of answers
Based on the principles of small steps, self-pacing, andimmediate feedback.
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Pros and Cons
Pros
Reduces training time. Facilitates learning.
Provides immediate feedback and reduces thelearners risk of error.
Cons Trainees can easily get side-tracked and may move
slower than the trainer desires.
Difficult to measure the employees progress.
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Job Instruction Training (JIT)
JIT teaches employees how to do their jobscorrectly, safely and with maximum efficiency.
Provide step-by-step training for employees.
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Audio Visual-Based Training Includes DVDs, films, Power Points, audiotapes and
videotapes are widely used.
These techniques are more effective then lectures insituations which are not easily demonstrable in live
lectures, such as open heart surgery, visual tour of a
factory.
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Pros and Cons
Pros
It is easy to provide this training and the trainercan follow-up with questions and discussion.
It is also easy to assure that the same information
is presented to each trainee.
Cons It is expensive to develop.
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Off the Job Training
Taken away from their place of work to
be trained
Pros A wider range of skills or qualifications can be
obtained.
Can learn from outside specialists or experts.
Employees can be more confident when starting job.
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Pros and Cons
Cons
More expensive e.g. transport andaccommodation
Lost working time and potential output from
employee .
New employees may still need some inductiontraining .
Employees now have new skills/qualifications
and may leave for better jobs.
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Distance and Internet-BasedTraining
Distance training includes:
Teletraining Trainer in a central location teaches groups of
employees at remote location via televisionhookups.
Videoconferencing Allows people in one location to communicate live
via a combination of audio and visual equipment
with people in another city or country, or withgroups in several cities.
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Internet-Based Training (IBT)
A planned teaching/learning experience uses
Internet or computer-based, to reach learners.
Many firms use IBT.
They let their employees take online courses
offered by online course providers.
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Pros and Cons
Pros Quick
Inexpensive
Cons Lack of human contact
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Case Study
A description of a real or imagined situation which
contains information that trainees can use toanalyze what has occurred and why.
The trainees recommend solutions based on the
content provided.
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Pros and Cons
Pros
Present a real-life situation. Present a wide variety of skills.
Cons
Difficult to write and time-consuming to discuss. The trainer must be creative and very skilled at
leading discussions, making points, and keeping
trainees on track.
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Choosing Training Method
On the Job Training
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Reasons for ChoosingTraining Method
Identify the type of learning outcome that want
training to influence.
Consider the extent to which the learning method
facilitates learning and transfer of training.
Evaluate the costs related to development and
use of the method.
Consider the effectiveness of the training
method.
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Conclusions
Identified variety of methods that can be utilized
when designing training plans.
Methods are integrally tied to learning objectives.
Understand the strengths and weaknesses
of each method.
Able to analyzed when it is appropriate touse a particular method.