Download - Topics 3abc – Alkanes, alkenes and ethanol Topics 5bc – natural oil and gas and synthetic polymers
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Topics 3abc – Alkanes, alkenes and ethanol
Topics 5bc – natural oil and gas and synthetic polymers
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Crude oil (Petroleum)
• A mixture of hydrocarbons (chemicals which contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms)
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Fractional distillation
• Separation of liquids with different boiling points
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Fractional distillation
The mixture can be split into simpler fractions by fractional distillation
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Welcome to a new family
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The alkanes
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Methane (CH4)
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Ethane (C2H6)
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Propane (C3H8)
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Butane (C4H10)
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The alkanes
• Methane CH4
• Ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10
• Pentane C5H12
• Hexane C6H14
• Octane C8H18
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The alkanes CnH2n + 2
• Methane CH4
• Ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10
• Pentane C5H12
• Hexane C6H14
• Octane C8H18
General formula
Homologous group – similar chemical properties, structures and functional groups
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The alkanes CnH2n + 2
• Methane CH4
• Ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10
• Pentane C5H12
• Hexane C6H14
• Octane C8H18
General formula
Homologous group – similar chemical properties, structures and functional groups
Generally unreactive, but burn exothermically. Longer chains burn less easily.
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Structural formulae
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Alkanes are saturated compounds
No double bonds
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Tetrahedral bonds
In alkanes, the carbon bonds are tetrahedral
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Chlorinated methane
Methane can be chlorinated. Trichloromethane is commonly known as chloroform.
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Isomers
Same formula, but different structures
We have slighty different physical properties (longer chains have higher boiling
points)
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Combustion
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Combustion
Hydrocarbons burn producing carbon dioxide and water
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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Incomplete combustion
• When there is insufficient oxygen, carbon monoxide is also formed
It reduces the blood’s oxygen carrying capability
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Another family!
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The alkenes CnH2n
• Ethene C2H4
• Propene C3H6
• Butene C4H8
• Pentene C5H10
• Hexene C6H12
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The alkenes
• Unsaturated (contain a double bond)
• More reactive
• Can “add” atoms – addition reactions
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Alkenes - equilateral
The bonds on a double bonded carbon in an alkene point towards the corners of an equilateral triangle
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Test for alkenes
• Decolourises bromine water
ethene Bromine (yellow/orange)
Dibromoethane (colourless)
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Alcohols - ethanol
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Alcohols
• Methanol CH3OH
• Ethanol C2H5OH
• Propanol C3H7OH
• Butanol C4H9OH
• Pentanol C5H11OH
• Hexanol C6H13OH
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Alcohols
• Methanol CH3OH
• Ethanol C2H5OH
• Propanol C3H7OH
• Butanol C4H9OH
• Pentanol C5H11OH
• Hexanol C6H13OH
“functional group”
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Ethanol
Can be made by the addition reaction of water to ethene – when you have plenty of oil
Phosphoric acid
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Ethanol - Fermentation of sugars
You can make ethanol for industry this way when you
have lots of sugar cane
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Dehydration of Ethanol
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Ethanol and sodium
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
Hydrogen and sodium ethoxide formed
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Oxidation of ethanol
Ethanol can be oxidised to form ethanoic acid (acetic acid = vinegar!)
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Carboxylic acids
• Methanoic acid CHOOH
• Ethanoic acid C2H3OOH
• Propanoic acid C3H5OOH
• Butanoic acid C4H7OOH
• Pentanoic acid C5H9OOH
• Hexanoic acid C6H11OOH
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Carboxylic acids
• Methanoic acid CHOOH
• Ethanoic acid C2H3OOH
• Propanoic acid C3H5OOH
• Butanoic acid C4H7OOH
• Pentanoic acid C5H9OOH
• Hexanoic acid C6H11OOH
“functional group”
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Ethanol + ethanoic acid acids
Ethanol + ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate + water
An ester (they normally smell nice!)
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Ethyl ethanoate – an “ester”
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Polymers
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Polymers – addition polymerisation
Molecules of ethene can be joined together to form polyethene
← monomers
← polymer
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Polythene
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Polypropylene – Strong and resistant to chemicals
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poly(chloroethene) - PVC
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Condensation polymers – NylonDiamine + dicarboxylic acid
+ + + monomers
Reactive ends
polymer
Small molecules given off (HCl)
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Cracking!
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Too many long molecules
Crude oil contains too many of the long (and not so useful molecules)
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Cracking
Luckily we can break the long molecules into shorter ones by “cracking”
The long molecules are passed over hot broken pot (ceramic) and split up into smaller molecules. A catalyst can also be used
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Cracking
Cracking an alkane produces smaller alkanes and also alkenes.