Download - Topic #1: Ethics
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Topic #1: Ethics
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Ethics
1. the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy
2. the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc.
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Is it ever ethical to….
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WIKILEAKS
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Freedom of the Press has been crucial in facilitating the political discourse and
education necessary for the maintenance of democracy.
(Code of Ethics)
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Activity: Choose five ethical practices from the
SPJ Code of Ethics handout that are most
important in maintaining the media’s role in
democracy
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Cook’s Top 5
• #5 – Balance a criminal suspects fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed
• #4 – Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges
• #3 – give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid
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Cook’s Top 5
• #2 – Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
• #1 – Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
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Topic #2: Hype / Sensationalism
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MediaThe 4th branch of government?
Is the media actually the one who sets the agenda?
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Multiple reasons lie behind the lack of real investigative
journalism today and the plethora of simplistic, eye-
catching stories.
$$$ and Media Conglomerates (more on conglomerates later)
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Did the shift from issues to character result from the shift
to television from newspapers?
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Freedom of the Press has been crucial in facilitating the political discourse and
education necessary for the maintenance of democracy.
Does the press meet its obligation to provide objective, issue-based
coverage or does the media tend to focus on the trivial and sensational??
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Topic #3: Is news coverage biased?“Slanted Words”
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This is not rocket science, simply be aware of “slants” or “bias” in the news. It may be obvious, it may be very subtle, but it’s almost always there.
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Andre Agassi beat his opponent soundly in straight sets. It was also six-love, six-
love for America’s sweetheart, Serena Williams
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Hillary spoke at the National Convention on Friday. Her chat was followed by an address by Senator Joe
Lieberman.
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The Navy’s mission team included four aviators from Miramar and one female
aviator from the Naval Air Station.
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11 year-old boy charged with murder, was an avid hunter.
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Young woman, 22, was bound and raped repeatedly for 10
days.
(One station reported she was a prostitute and went to his house for “business”, the
other station never mentioned it)
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Riot/Demonstration
Aggressive/Assertive
Bold/Shrill Lecture/Speech
Threaten/Warn
Plan/Scheme
Lively/Heated
Integrity/Stubbornness
Explained/Insisted
Agenda/Platform
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Topic #4: Propaganda
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PropagandaThe spreading of ideas,
information, and rumors for the purpose of
helping or hurting an institution, a cause, or a
person
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Propaganda
Propaganda is amoral
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Propaganda
Many techniques are not only used in
marketing, but in politics as well.
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Generally divided into three main categories:
• White Propaganda: acknowledged sources and aimed at a sympathetic audience
• Grey Propaganda: anonymous quotes “Some Say” “Our Sources indicate…”
• Black Propaganda: pretends to be from a source it really is not and is aimed at an enemy audience
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Propaganda
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates advertising.
Their role is consumer protection (more on them in CH 13)
Who regulates all of this?
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The IPA An organization composed of social scientists, opinion leaders, historians, educators, and journalists.
“To teach people how to think rather than what to think.”
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Criticisms of the IPA
• Some argue that the IPA's approach is too simplistic because many messages fall into more than one category.
• They do not discuss the credibility of the propagandist.
• HOWEVER…Few argue with the IPA's basic goal of promoting critical thought among citizens.
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Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA)
Created the ABC’s of Propaganda:
7 of the basic techniques very much used and discussed today
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#1 Name-Calling
John Kerry is a Flip-Flopper. George W. Bush is too dumb to be
president.
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#2 Glittering Generalities(Virtue Words)
Making broad statements that really say nothing of
importance.
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“If elected, I will get this country back on track!”
A vote for Shawn is a vote for peace and security
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#3 Transfer
Attempting to make viewers apply their feelings of love, admiration, distrust, or disgust from one thing
to something else totally unrelated.
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Perry endorsers say Obama “may be a Muslim”
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Transfer as “Name Dropping”
Jarrod Martin mentioned he was at Steve Austria’s
fundraiser.
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#4 Testimonial
Our customers say……
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#5 Plain Folks
Thanks ya’ll! I reckon this is the greatest class I’ve ever teached.
I’m not a big city lawyer; I am a regular guy like you!
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#6 Card Stacking(I simply think of this one as “bias”)
Emphasizing one side and repressing another.
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#7 Bandwagon
Don’t be the last on your block to own a new
Chevrolet !
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Many different (and similar) techniques have been added/identified through the years as
politics and advertising have evolved
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“Ad Hominem”
An assertion which usually attacks a person,
rather than looking at the merits of their
argument.
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You can’t trust Jane Higgins to be your mayor, she is just a
geek!*Reverse ad hominem may work
as well…Jane Higgins is such a
professionally dressed woman, she will make a great mayor.
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Appeal to Authority
Referring to a well-known expert to strengthen an
argument.
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“AP Government teacher Shawn Cook is voting for
The Rent is Too Damn High candidate Jimmy McMillan.
What more do you need to know?”
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Scientific Appeal Providing the audience with survey results and statistical evidences to publicize their
product.
(overlaps many times with A.T.A.)
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Appeal to Elitism
Appeal to the audience’s desire to be
better than other people.
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Appeal to Tradition
Something is better simply because it is older.
This government has worked for over 200 years, why
change it?
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“Vote to keep the curfew in effect in Beavercreek, after all, it’s been around for 10
years now!
…any ad with “since….”
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Appeal to Emotion
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Sex Appeal
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Euphemisms and Dysphemisms
Euphemism: making something sound better
Dysphemism: making something sound worse
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Car dealerships no longer sell “used cars;” they sell “______ vehicles.”
“Freedom Fighter” OR “Terrorist?”
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Euphemisms Dysphemisms
• Kick the bucket• “Powder my nose”• “Birds and the Bees”• “Hankie-Pankie”• “Mess Around”
• “Cancer Sticks”• “Feminazi”• Junk Food• Snail Mail• Idiot Box• Blow chunks
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False Dilemma
Framing an argument in a misleading way, as though there are only two possible
options.
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Superintendent Jones opposes school prayer. She must be an
atheist.
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FearDisaster will result if people
do not follow a particular course of action.
Storm Center 7 Weather can save your life!
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Fear
Help! I’ve fallen….and I can’t get up!!
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Obtain Disapproval
Associating the opposite of your message with
individuals or groups your audience dislikes.
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The NRA loves this policy, let’s be sure we get it voted down!
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Straw-ManIgnoring a person's actual position and substituting a
distorted, or misrepresented version of that position.
(very similar to a false dilemma)
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"Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack
submarine program. I can't understand why he wants
to leave us defenseless like that."
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Repetition